Rudolph Isley
O’Kelly Isley
Ronald Isley
Ernie Isley
Marvin Isley
Chris Jasper
Producer
The Isley Brothers
The Isley Brothers singles chronology
“Harvest for the World”
(1976)
“The Pride (Part 1)“
(1977)
“Livin’ in the Life”
(1977)
“The Pride, Pt. 1 & 2″ is a 1977 funk song by The Isley Brothers, released on their T-Neck imprint. The song, which was the first single released from their album, Go For Your Guns, was written as a warning to politicians to be the leader that the people need and to others who want change reminding them that “the pride makes (them) feel that (they) belong”. The song was one of several socially-conscious political songs the Isleys recorded throughout the 1970s including “Fight the Power Pts. 1 & 2″ and “Harvest for the World”. While the song peaked at a dismal number sixty-three on the pop charts, it reached number-one on the R&B singles chart becoming the group’s third number one on the chart..
Personnel
Ronald Isley: lead vocals
Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley and O’Kelly Isley, Jr.: background vocals
Ernie Isley: guitars and drums
Marvin Isley: bass and percussion
Chris Jasper: piano, keyboards, synthesizers and clavinet
Preceded by “At Midnight (My Love Will Lift You Up)” by Rufus featuring Chaka Khan
Billboard’s Hot Soul Singles number one single
April 23, 1977
Succeeded by “Got to Give It Up (Part 1) by Marvin Gaye
References
^Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 278.
Shout! ·Twist & Shout ·Twisting & Shouting ·This Old Heart of Mine ·Soul on the Rocks ·It’s Our Thing ·The Brothers: Isley ·Get into Something ·Givin’ It Back ·Brother, Brother, Brother ·3 + 3 ·Live It Up ·The Heat Is On ·Harvest for the World ·Go for Your Guns ·Showdown ·Winner Takes All ·Go All the Way ·Grand Slam ·Inside You ·The Real Deal ·Between the Sheets ·Masterpiece ·Smooth Sailin’ ·Spend the Night ·Tracks of Life ·Mission to Please ·Eternal ·Body Kiss ·Baby Makin’ Music
Live albums
Live at Yankee Stadium ·The Isleys Live ·Live!
Singles
“I’m Gonna Knock on Your Door” · “Shout (Part 1)” · “How Deep Is the Ocean?” · “Twist and Shout” · “Nobody but Me” · “Testify (Part 1)” · “Love Is a Wonderful Thing” · “This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)” · “I Guess I’ll Always Love You” · “That’s the Way Love Is” · “Take Me in Your Arms (Rock Me a Little While)” · “Behind a Painted Smile” · “Put Yourself in My Place” · “It’s Your Thing” · “I Turned You On” · “Keep on Doin’” · “Freedom” · “Love the One You’re With” · “Spill the Wine” · “Lay Lady Lay” · “Lay-Away” · “Pop That Thang” · “Work to Do” · “That Lady (Part 1)” · “What It Comes Down To” · “Summer Breeze” · “Live It Up (Part 1)” · “Fight the Power (Part 1)” · “For the Love of You (Part 1 & 2)” · “Harvest for the World” · “The Pride (Part 1)” · “Livin’ in the Life” · “Voyage to Atlantis” · “Take Me to the Next Phase (Part 1)” · “Groove with You” · “I Wanna Be with You (Part 1)” · “It’s a Disco Night (Rock Don’t Stop)” · “Don’t Say Goodnight (It’s Time for Love) (Parts 1 & 2)” · “Between the Sheets” · “Choosey Lover” · “Down Low (Nobody Has to Know)” · “Contagious”
See also
Isley Brothers discography · T-Neck Records · Isley-Jasper-Isley
This 1970s single-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pride,_Pt._1_%26_2″
Categories: 1977 singles | Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles | Funk songs | The Isley Brothers songs | 1970s single stubs
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Zardozi (Hindi: ????????, Persian and Urdu: ??????) work is a type of embroidery in India and Pakistan. This style of embroidery has been in existence in India from the time of the Rig Veda. It prospered during the Mugal Emperor, Akbar, but later a loss of royal patronage and industrialization led to its decline. Today it is popular in the Indian cities of Lucknow, Bhopal, and Chennai.
The name zardozi is from Persian and means “sewing with gold”.
References
^Zardozi in India- Zardozi Embroidery, Zardozi Work, Zardosi Embroidery in India, Indian Zari Embroidery
Art needlework · Bunka shishu · Brazilian · Chikan · Chinese · English · Indian · Jacobean · Kaitag · Kantha · Kasuti · Korean · Mountmellick · Persian · Opus Anglicanum · Suzhou · Ukrainian · Vietnamese ·Zardozi
Embroideries
Apocalypse Tapestry · Bayeux Tapestry · Bradford carpet · Hastings Embroidery · Hestia tapestry · Margaret Laton’s jacket · New World Tapestry · Overlord embroidery · Quaker Tapestry
Designers
and embroiderers
Leon Conrad · Kaffe Fassett · Juanita Growing Thunder Fogarty · Marilyn Leavitt-Imblum · Ann Macbeth · May Morris · Charles Germain de Saint Aubin · Mary Elizabeth Turner · Teresa Wentzler · Erica Wilson · Lily Yeats
Organizations
and museums
Embroiderers’ Guild (UK) · Embroiderer’s Guild of America · Embroidery Software Protection Coalition · Royal School of Needlework · Chung Young Yang Embroidery Museum · Han Sang Soo Embroidery Museum
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The Rivingtons were a 1960s doo-wop group, noted for being one of the loudest and most raucous of the genre. The group members were Lead vocalist Carl White (d. January 7, 1980), tenor Al Frazier (d. November 13, 2005, replaced by Madero White for a period in the late ’70s), baritone John “Sonny” Harris, and bass singer Turner “Rocky” Wilson Jr.
Contents
1History
2Discography
2.1Singles
2.2Albums
3References
4External links
History
Their first hit, “Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow” (Liberty #55427, 1962), like many such songs, began with the bass chanting nonsense syllables (in this case the title), followed by the tenor singing over repetitions of it. “Mama-Oom-Mow-Mow”, an even more baroque rewrite of the theme, failed to sell, but they returned to the charts the following year with the similar “The Bird’s The Word”. Conversely, the B-side of “Mama-Oom-Mow-Mow” is a song called “Waiting” (Liberty #55528), and indeed showcases the softer, more melodic talents of the group.
Previously The Rivingtons had been known as The Sharps and had already tasted chart action via Thurston Harris’ “Little Bitty Pretty One” in 1957, after which they appeared on several Duane Eddy recordings when any extraneous sounds of rebel yells were required (as on Eddy’s 1958 hit “Rebel Rouser”). They also recorded on Warner Brothers Records as “The Crenshaws” in 1961.
After the two hit singles, The Rivingtons struggled till the mid 60s to find another hit, and after the Columbia single “A Rose Growing In The Ruins” flopped, they called it a day.
However, “Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow” and “The Bird’s The Word” entered a life of their own, courtesy of a Minnesota group called The Trashmen, who recorded a song made up from the nonsense syllables, calling it “Surfin’ Bird”. The band cut the disc over a record shop and passed it off as their own work. It was a medley of the choruses without the verses. However the Rivingtons’ management reported it to their lawyers and the group were ordered to add the surnames of The Rivingtons to the credits, having the effect of causing the first pressings without The Rivingtons’ credit to become collectors items.
Carl White died at age 47, of acute tonsillitus, in his Los Angeles home. Al Frazier, Sonny Harris, and Rocky Wilson played the oldies circuit extensively throughout the ’80s, Replacing White with Clay Hammond until 1987, then Andrew Butler into the ’90s. In 1989, The Rivingtons appeared in an episode of L.A. Law, as a doo-wop group, “The Sensations”. They were later featured in an 1990 episode of Night Court, “Razing Bull” as Mac’s former group-mates “The Starlights”.
After the publicity surrounding the allegations in Billboard Magazine, The Trashmen had to share the writing credits on not only this recording but a later one as a sign of good faith. “Surfin’ Bird” itself was revived in the 1970s by the Ramones and The Cramps.
Discography
The Rivingtons released a number of records on the Liberty label, including:
Singles
“Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow” b/w “Deep Water”
“Kickapoo Joy Juice” b/w “My Reward”
“Mama-Oom-Mow-Mow (The Bird)” b/w “Waiting”
“The Bird’s The Word” b/w “I’m Losing My Grip”
“The Shaky Bird (Part 1)” b/w “The Shaky Bird (Part 2)”
“Cherry” b/w “Little Sally Walker”
“The Weejee Walk” b/w “Fairy Tales”
Albums
Doin’ The Bird (1962)
These songs are all collected in the release “The Liberty Years”, released on EMI America
References
^
^
^
^
^“Trashmen, The - Surfin’ Bird”. http://www.discogs.com/Trashmen-Surfin-Bird/release/1717702. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
^
^
^
^“Trashmen, The - Surfin’ Bird Reissue”. http://www.discogs.com/Trashmen-Surfin-Bird/release/1534364. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
^
^
^ List of Night Court episodes
^“Ramones - Rocket To Russia”. http://www.discogs.com/Ramones-Rocket-To-Russia/release/394413. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
^“Cramps, The - Surfin’ Bird”. http://www.discogs.com/Cramps-Surfin-Bird/release/408656. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
^“The Rivingtons at Discogs”. http://www.discogs.com/artist/Rivingtons%2C+The. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
^“Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow / Deep Water”. http://www.discogs.com/Rivingtons-Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow-Deep-Water/release/783248. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
External links
The Rivingtons at Allmusic
This article on a United States R&B/soul music band, group, or collective is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rivingtons”
Categories: American rhythm and blues musical groups | Vee-Jay Records artists | Liberty Records artists | United States R&B musical group stubsHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008
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This page was last modified on 1 March 2010 at 06:03.
The Religious of the Assumption were founded by Saint Marie Eugénie Milleret in Paris in 1839. Her vision was of transforming society through education. She taught that faith in Jesus impels one to love the world and all its peoples.
Marie Eugenie believed that all action should flow from a life of love and prayer and tasked the Assumption Sisters with responding to the urgent needs of their times.
From the first community of five young women, the congregation quickly spread throughout the world. The Religious of the Assumption today is an international congregation of 1300+ Sisters of over 40 nationalities, responding to the challenges and calls of society in 35 countries.
Assumption Sisters are called to live and love according to the Gospel. Their communities are committed to effecting change in society through prayer and education.
They are a diverse group of women from many countries who live together in close-knit, joyful communities. Prayer, the heart of their life, is how they come to know and love Jesus, and with Him, love the world and its people. It is also at the heart of their educational mission.
In the Assumption, education is understood as a process by which the human person is freed and society transformed. That freedom marks their life together in community, as well their work for the coming of the Kingdom of God.
In the United States they can be found in the inner city and the suburbs, in the rural southwest and the urban Northeast. They teach in colleges and run after-school programs for children; they advocate for immigrants and teach English as a Second Language; they work in parishes and offer faith formation programs.
Their communities are in Madrid, Mexico City , Queretaro, Rwanda, Paris , Worcester, MA; Philadelphia, PA; Lansdale, PA; Chaparral, NM; Manila, Philippines; Bangkok, Thailand, etc.
“Sisters of the Assumption”. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Sisters_of_the_Assumption.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_of_the_Assumption”
Categories: Roman Catholic orders and societies | Religious organizations established in 1839 | Assumptionist female orders
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This page was last modified on 8 June 2008 at 19:32.
Farhad Ahmed Dockrat is a South African Cleric and Businessman who has recently been listed by the UN Security Council as a terror suspect along with his cousin Junaid Ismail Dockrat for alleged links with the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda. This was at the request of the United States Government who describe he and Dr Junaid Ismail Dockrat as being terrorism “facilitator(s) and terrorist financier(s)”. He currently resides in Erasmia, near Pretoria. The South African Government has requested proof that he and his cousin are indeed involved with Al-Qaeda and the pair deny the claims.
Notes
^ Sunday Times Article
^ Proof wanted on SA’s ‘terror’ duo
^ SA cousins deny links with Osama’s group
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This page was last modified on 3 September 2009 at 11:09.
This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (March 2008)
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2008)
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Opposition to immigration is present in most nation-states with immigration, and has become a significant political issue in many countries.Immigration in the modern sense refers to movement of people from one nation-state to another, where they are not citizens.
The three main anti-immigration themes are: economic costs (especially job competition and the expenses of schools and social services), negative environmental impact such as accelerated population growth, and the distortion of the national identity. Opposition to immigration can be directed at the immigrants themselves, their culture, language and religion — or on politicians/political parties that favor or promote immigration; opponents also often focus on employers of the immigrants.
In countries where the majority of the population is of immigrant descent, such as the United States, opposition to immigration often takes the form of nativism (targeted only at ‘first-generation’ immigrants).
Contents
1Major anti-immigration arguments
2Counter-arguments
3Australia
4Europe
4.1Spain
4.2Portugal
4.3United Kingdom
5Japan
6Mexico
7United States
8See also
9References
10External links
Major anti-immigration arguments
Further information: Criticism of multiculturalism
The national identity of a nation-state is reflected in claims regarding ethnicity: the immigrants fail to assimilate into the original population, and replace its culture with their own. This argument is based on maintaining the rule of the original ethnic group.
National unity arguments emphasise language use and isolation: the immigrants “isolate themselves in their own communities and refuse to learn the local language”.
Economic arguments usually concentrate on employment: the immigrants “take our jobs”. That is often combined with the claim that immigrants make heavy use of social welfare systems, and overload public education, while not returning anything to the economy through taxes. A related argument is that immigration deprives the countries of origin of badly needed skills, also known as the “brain drain”.
Environmental arguments include the increased consumption of scarce resources and overpopulation.
Maintaining an original ethnic structure, government, and overall citizenship, is the base argument of all opposition to immigration.
This ethnic-based type of thinking is an accepted practice in many countries that are populated by one ethnic group.
Immigrants often commit more crime.
Counter-arguments
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved.
Responses to typical anti-immigration arguments include:
the argument that immigrants “steal jobs” always overlooks the fact that some of the jobs being taken are menial and/or low paying positions which natives sometimes do not wish to perform, creating a demand for labour which raises overall costs of the industry forcing it overseas
the argument that immigrants are an economic burden is unproven and the reverse appears to be the case: immigration is correlated with an improvement in economic conditions, because immigrants spend money on products and services just like everybody else. Many immigrants also send a large percentage of their pay back to their home countries via Remittances which further hurts the host country
with regard to the “heavy use” of benefits and services such as publicly-funded health care, welfare and other forms of social security, immigrants are sometimes ineligible to receive such assistance, or their eligibility is otherwise restricted in some way (eg. they may only become eligible after a lengthy period of time). In most U.S. states, public agencies are forbidden by law from inquiring about someone’s immigration status. Illegal immigrants are also users of emergency care. Their children also use the public education system.
in countries with a declining, aging population, immigrants tend to provide additional young residents who will, effectively, later help to support the aging native population. Indeed, population projections show that some countries who consider themselves to have a problem with excessive immigration will in fact face severe difficulties in future decades without immigration. Opponents of large-scale immigration often view the argument that immigration, and an ever-growing population, are needed to save social security (or other retirement plans) as a form of Ponzi scheme.
the problems which are purportedly caused by immigrants equally exist amongst native-born populations as well, and that politicians often use immigration as a convenient scapegoat to distract the public from real social, political and economic problems.
Australia
A sparsely-populated continental nation with a predominantly European population, Australia has long feared being overwhelmed by the heavily-populated Asian countries to its north. After narrowly preventing a Japanese invasion during World War II, and suffering attacks on Australian soil for the first time, it was seen that the country must “populate or perish”. Immigration brought people from traditional sources such as the British Isles along with, for the first time, large numbers of Southern and Central Europeans. However, the abolition of the so-called ‘White Australia policy’ during the early 1970s led to a significant increase in immigration from Asian and other non-European countries, inevitably causing some concern and opposition in Australia.
In the 1996 election Pauline Hanson was elected to the federal seat of Oxley. In her maiden speech to the House of Representatives, which instantly made headlines and television news bulletins across Australia, she expressed her concern that Australia “was in danger of being swamped by Asians”. This message exposed a population deeply divided on the issue of immigration, especially from non-Western countries.
Hanson went on to form the One Nation Party, which subsequently won nearly one quarter of the vote in Queensland state elections. The name “One Nation” was meant to signify national unity, in contrast to what Hanson claimed to see as an increasing division in Australian society caused by government policies favouring migrants (multiculturalism) and indigenous Australians. Political ineptitude and infighting led to One Nation’s demise, but the issue of immigration remains highly sensitive in Australia.
Europe
Further information: Immigration to Europe
Immigration is one of the central political issues in many European countries, and increasingly also at European Union level. The anti-immigration perspective is predominantly nationalist and cultural, rather than economic or environmentalist. The issue is complicated by the fact that many immigrants in western Europe are Muslims from Turkey and Northern Africa. Prominent European opponents of immigration include Jörg Haider, Jean-Marie Le Pen, and the assassinated Pim Fortuyn. In France, the National Front opposes immigration. Major media, political parties, and a large share of the public see the possibility of anti-immigrant sentiment due to the 2005 civil unrest in France. A major anti-immigrant political organization in Germany is the National Democratic Party.
Anti-immigration views are held by many right-wing groups in Europe. Expression of these views is sometimes considered a criminal offense under anti-discrimination statutes, and there are frequent calls for stiffer sentences for xenophobia in many European countries and by the European Union.
Spain
A survey showed that the majority of Spaniards see immigration into their country as excessive. Neo-fascist parties, such as Movimiento Social Español, openly campaign using nationalist or anti-immigrant rhetoric. Everyday racial harassment of Africans is sometimes a problem, a notorious incident being the November 2004 Spain-England football friendly. The mainstream media sometimes portrays African-American culture and black music negatively for humor, though there exists also an active following of hip hop in Spain.
Portugal
Portugal was long a dictatorship, and had little immigration until a sudden influx in the 1970s, as ex-colonists returned. Today there are Lisbon-born, African and Middle Eastern neighborhoods. Rural areas have just recently begun to see many new arrivals. The country has right-wing parties that support curbs in immigration quotas. Any resident of a Portuguese-speaking country is free to live and work in Portugal, and vice-versa. In recent years, the growth of the Portuguese nationalist “National Renewal Party”, known as PNR, has exposed the growing concern of the Portuguese population on the immigration issue.
United Kingdom
Anti-immigrant perspectives in the United Kingdom mainly have to do with the many South Asians, particularly Pakistanis and Indians, who have moved there. Current concerns also involve Africans, Eastern Europeans, East Asians, Middle Easterners, and numerous others who have become part of the estimated 4.3 million of the UK’s population that is foreign-born. Like other countries, public attention is on their perceived refusal to assimilate, sheer numbers, illegal immigration, and Islamist terrorism.
Japan
Main articles: Racial issues in Japan and Human rights in Japan
The movement for Japanese cultural isolation, sakoku (??), arose in Edo Period Japan, in response to the strong influence of Chinese culture. The study of (ancient) Japanese literature and culture was called kokugaku (?? “country study”).
Japan was an anomaly among states, as it went through post-war industrialization without any major use of immigrant labor (unlike countries such as France and Germany) instead depending more on labor from women and rural sections of the country. However, as Japan headed into the 1980s and the Bubble Economy, there was a shortage of unskilled labor in the nation, and illegal immigrants from East Asia and the subcontinent began to trickle in.
These immigrants were a very visible part of Japanese society, performing the so-called 3K jobs”: kitanai (?? dirty), kiken (?? dangerous) and kitsui (??? hard, tough); jobs that natives with higher skill sets wouldn’t participate in. Despite their illegal status, they were generally tolerated by law enforcement and government, as they fulfilled a significant function in the Japanese economy. Toward the end of the 1980s, however, illegal immigration became a hot button issue, with many Japanese sharply divided about how to address the problem.
Those in favor of cutting off all immigration fell into the sakoku (??) camp, and those in favor of a less restrictive policy were on the side of kaikoku (?? “open country”). Those in favor of sakoku argued that immigration (illegal or otherwise) would be detrimental to Japanese racial homogeneity and also dilute culture as well as promote crime. Kaikoku, on the other hand, wasn’t necessarily in favor of immigration, but rather proponents acknowledged that illegal immigrants had arrived and were a viable part of the economy that must be addressed at the risk of eroding human rights further (conditions in factories were poor, and as illegal immigrants were on the periphery of society, they had no protection from the law).
Ultimately, Japan passed the Immigration Control Act in 1990 which opened a side-door to ethnic Japanese (up to the third generation) living in other countries, allowing them to immigrate to Japan for the unspecified purpose of performing unskilled labor; Japan still does not issue visas to anyone but skilled workers. By adding this provision–they must be ethnic Japanese–the government had addressed the sakoku arguments by preserving racial homogeneity (despite the glaring cultural and linguistic differences), but also compromised with those in favor of kaikoku by allowing a legal loophole providing for immigrant unskilled labor. This caused a large influx of Japanese Brazilians, termed Dekasegi.
Today attitudes in Japan often remain decidedly negative towards immigrants, legal or otherwise, and new tighter controls are currently being drafted, according to the Japan Times
This section requires expansion.
Mexico
In Mexico, the first eight months of 2005, more than 120,000 people from Central America have been deported to their countries of origin. This is a higher number than the people deported in the same period in 2002, when only 1 person was deported in the entire year. Many women from Eastern Europe, Asia, United States and Central and South America are offered jobs at table dance establishments in large cities throughout the country, causing the National Institute of Migration (INM) in Mexico to raid strip clubs and deport foreigners who work without the proper documentation.
Mexico has very strict laws pertaining to both illegal and legal immigrants. The Mexican constitution restricts non-citizens or foreign-born persons from participating in politics, holding office, acting as a member of the clergy, or serving on the crews of Mexican-flagged ships or airplanes. Certain legal rights are waived, such as the right to a deportation hearing or other legal motions. In cases of flagrante delicto, any person may make a citizen’s arrest on the offender and his accomplices, turning them over without delay to the nearest authorities.
Many immigration restrictionists in the United States have accused the Mexican government of hypocrisy in its immigration policy, noting that the Mexicans are demanding looser immigration laws in the United States while at the same time keeping tight restrictions on immigration into Mexico. The country’s 1910 constitution guarantees citizens “freedom of movement”.
United States
Main article: Nativism (politics)
In the United States, opposition to immigration has a long history, starting in the late 1790s, in reaction to an influx of political refugees from France and Ireland. After passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798, opposition receded. Nativism first gained a name and affected politics in mid-19th century United States because of the large inflows of immigrants from cultures that were markedly different from the existing White Anglo-Saxon Protestant culture. Nativists objected primarily to Roman Catholics, especially Irish American. Nativist movements included the American Party of the mid-19th Century (formed by members of the Know-Nothing movement), the Immigration Restriction League of the early 20th Century, and the anti-Asian movements in the west, resulting in the Chinese Exclusion Act and the so-called “Gentlemen’s Agreement” aimed at the Japanese. Immigration became a major issue again from the 1990s, with a renewed immigration reduction movement.
See also
Benefit tourism
Brain drain
Economic impact of immigration to Canada
Emigration
Illegal immigration
Immigration
Immigration policy
Immigration reduction
Immigration reform
International Organization for Migration
Multiculturalism
Nationalism
Nativism
Overpopulation
People smuggling
Political asylum
Right of foreigners to vote
Refugee
Rivers of Blood speech
Xenophobia
References
^ Joseph Chinyong Liow, 2004. Malaysia’s Approach to its Illegal Indonesian Migrant Labour Problem: Securitization, Politics, or Catharsis? Paper for IDSS-FORD WORKSHOP ON NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY IN ASIA. Singapore, 3-4 September 2004.
^ Higham, John, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925 (1963).
^ See Nicolaus Mills, Arguing Immigration: The Debate Over the Changing Face of America (1994); Robin Dale Jacobson, The New Nativism: Proposition 187 and the Debate over Immigration (2008); National Research Council, James P. Smith, and Barry Edmonston, The Immigration Debate: Studies on the Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration by Panel on the Demographic and Economic Impacts of Immigration, National Research Council (1998); Andrew Geddes, The Politics of Migration and Immigration in Europe (2003); Craig A. Parsons and Timothy M. Smeeding, eds. Immigration and the Transformation of Europe (2008)
^ NPG Forum: Social Security: The Ponzi Path To Dystopia by David Simcox
^ article mentioning El Pais survey
^ Telegraph article
^ “Analysis: Britain’s Modern Face”
^ Detienen en seis meses a 120 mil indocumentados de Centroamérica
^ American Chronicle | Illegal Alien Amnesty, Guest Workers, International Law and Politics
External links
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Opposition to immigration
No one is an illegal immigrant
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration”
Categories: Human migration | Politics by issue | Sociology | NationalismHidden categories: Articles that may contain original research from March 2008 | All articles that may contain original research | Articles needing additional references from March 2008 | All articles needing additional references | NPOV disputes from January 2008 | All NPOV disputes | NPOV disputes | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 | Articles to be expanded from May 2009 | All articles to be expanded
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This page was last modified on 1 March 2010 at 23:38.
Erskine Arthur Nicolson, 3rd Baron Carnock DSO, JP (26 March 1884 – 2 October 1982), styled The Honourable from 1916 until 1952, was a British peer and sailor.
Born in Athens, Nicolson was the second son of Arthur Nicolson, 1st Baron Carnock, at that time chargé d’affaires at the British legation. His mother was Mary Catharine, the daughter of Archibald Rowan-Hamilton, a soldier in the 5th Dragoon Guards. In 1952, Nicolson succeeded his older brother Frederick as baron, who had inherited their father’s titles in 1928. A third brother was the author Harold Nicolson.
Military career
Nicolson entered the Royal Navy and was educated at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, called HMS Britannia. In 1912, he was awarded an Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy for his participation in the British rescue mission after the 1908 Messina earthquake. He went to the Royal Naval Staff College in 1913 and afterwards became a war staff officer in a light cruiser squadron, fighting in the First World War. For his services in France, Nicolson was appointed a Chevalier of the Légion d’honneur in 1916.
After the war he was decorated with the Distinguished Service Order in 1919 and received also the Order of St Anne of Russia. He retired as a commander in 1924 and was nominated a Justice of the Peace for the county of Devon.
Family
On 9 October 1919, Nicolson married Katharine Frederica Albertha, eldest daughter of Henry Lopes, 1st Baron Roborough. They had three children, one daughter and two sons. His wife died in 1968 and Nicolson survived her until 1982. He was succeeded in the barony by his older son David.
Notes
^ abcde Burke (2001), p. 1109
^ abcd Who’s Who (1963), p. 492
^London Gazette: no. 28599, p. 2702, 16 April 1912. Retrieved on 27 December 2009.
^London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 29751, p. 9081, 15 September 1916. Retrieved on 27 December 2009.
^London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31413, p. 7907, 20 June 1919. Retrieved on 27 December 2009.
^London Gazette: no. 32965, p. 6138, 15 August 1924. Retrieved on 27 December 2009.
^ ab Dod (1982), p. 47
^ ab Burke (2001), p. 1108
References
Who’s Who 1963. London: Adam & Charles Black Ltd.. 1963.
Charles Roger Dod and Robert Philip Dod (1982). J. Berwick Smith. ed. Dod’s Parliamentary Companion. Dod’s Parliamentary Companion Ltd.. ISBN 0905702077.
Burke, John (2001). Peter de Vere Beauclerk-Dewar. ed. Burke’s Landed Gentry of Great Britain. Wilmington, Delaware: Burke’s Peerage and Gentry Llc.. ISBN 0971196605.
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Erskine Nicolson, 3rd Baron Carnock
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Frederick Nicolson
Baron Carnock
1952 – 1982
Succeeded by David Nicolson
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erskine_Nicolson,_3rd_Baron_Carnock”
Categories: 1884 births | 1982 deaths | Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom | Chevaliers of the Légion d’honneur | Companions of the Distinguished Service Order | Recipients of the Order of the Crown of Italy | Royal Navy officers of World War I
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Moisture analysis
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Moisture analysis covers a variety of methods for measuring moisture content in both high level and trace amounts in solids, liquids, or gases. Moisture in percentage amounts is monitored as a specification in commercial food production. There are many applications where trace moisture measurements are necessary for manufacturing and process quality assurance. Trace moisture in solids must be controlled for plastics, pharmaceuticals and heat treatment processes. Gas or liquid measurement applications include dry air, hydrocarbon processing, pure semiconductor gases, bulk pure gases, insulating gases such as those in transformers and power plants, and natural gas pipeline transport.
Contents
1Loss on drying
2Karl Fischer titration
3Techniques used for natural gas
3.1Color indicator tubes
3.2Chilled mirrors
3.3Electrolytic
3.4Piezoelectric sorption
3.5Aluminum oxide and silicon oxide
3.6Spectroscopy
4See also
5External links
Loss on drying
The classic laboratory method of measuring high level moisture in solid or semi-solid materials is loss on drying (LOD). In this technique a sample of material is weighed, heated in an oven for an appropriate period, cooled in the dry atmosphere of a desiccator, and then reweighed. If the volatile content of the solid is primarily water, the LOD technique gives a good measure of moisture content. Because the manual laboratory method is relatively slow, automated moisture analyzers have been developed that can reduce the time necessary for a test from a couple hours to just a few minutes. These analyzers incorporate an electronic balance with a sample tray and surrounding heating element. Under microprocessor control the sample can be heated rapidly and a result computed prior to the completion of the process, based on the moisture loss rate, known as a drying curve.
Karl Fischer titration
An accurate method for determining the amount of water is the Karl Fischer titration, developed in 1935 by the German chemist whose name it bears. This method detects only water, contrary to loss on drying, which detects any volatile substances.
Techniques used for natural gas
Natural gas poses a unique situation since it can have very high levels of solid and liquid contaminants as well as corrosives in varying concentrations.
Water measurements are made in parts per million, pounds of water per million standard cubic feet of gas, mass of water vapor per unit volume, or mass of water vapor per unit mass of dry gas. That is, humidity is the amount of “vapor-phase” water in a gas. If there are liquids present in the gas, they are often filtered out before reaching a gas analyzer to protect the analyzer from damage.
Measurements of moisture in natural gas are typically performed with one of the following techniques:
Color indicator tubes
Chilled mirrors
Electrolytic
Piezoelectric sorption, also known as Quartz Crystal Microbalance
Aluminum oxide and silicon oxide
Spectroscopy
Other moisture measurement techniques exist but are not used in natural gas applications for various reasons. For example, the Gravimetric Hygrometer and the “Two-Pressure” System used by the National Bureau of Standards are precise “lab” techniques but are not practical for use in industrial applications.
Color indicator tubes
The color indicator tube (also referred to as the Drager Tube or Stain Tube) is a device many natural gas pipelines use for a quick and rough measurement of moisture. Each tube contains chemicals that react to a specific compound to form a stain or color when passed through the gas. The tubes are used once and discarded. A manufacturer calibrates the tubes, but since the measurement is directly related to exposure time, the flow rate, and the extractive technique, it is susceptible to error. In practice, the error can be as high as 25 percent. The color indicator tubes are well suited for infrequent, rough estimations of moisture in natural gas; for example, if the tube indicates 30 pounds of water, there is a high degree of certainty that it is over 10 pounds.
Chilled mirrors
When gas flows over a chilled surface, or chilled mirror, the moisture will condense on it. The exact temperature at which this condensation begins is known as the dew point. The temperature of this mirror is reduced from high to low, and the temperature is read exactly when the dew is observed. By obtaining the dew point temperature, one can calculate moisture content in the gas. The mirror temperature is controlled by the flow of a refrigerant over the mirror or by using a thermoelectric cooler.
The detection of condensation on the mirror can be achieved using visual or optical means. For example, a light source can be reflected off the mirror into a detector and condensation detected by changes in light reflected. The observation can also be done visually; however the exact point at which condensation begins is not discernible to the eye. Since the temperature is passing through the dew point rather than stopping exactly at the dew point, the measurement tends to be high. Additionally, the condensation of moisture can be confused with condensation of other condensable such as heavy hydrocarbons, alcohol, and glycol. Automated on-line systems are not able to make these distinctions, and training is required to use the manual systems.
Electrolytic
The Electrolytic sensor uses two closely spaced, parallel windings coated with a thin film of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). As this coating absorbs incoming water vapor, an electrical potential is applied to the windings that electrolyzes the water to hydrogen and oxygen. The current consumed by the electrolysis determines the mass of water vapor entering the sensor. The flow rate and pressure of the incoming sample must be controlled precisely to maintain a standard sample mass flow rate into the sensor.
The method is fairly inexpensive and can be used effectively in pure gas streams where response rates are not critical. Contamination from oils, liquids or glycols on the windings will cause drift in the readings and damage to the sensor. The sensor cannot react to sudden changes in moisture, i.e., the reaction on the windings’ surfaces takes some time to stabilize. Large amounts of water in the pipeline (called slugs) will wet the surface and requires tens of minutes or hours to “dry-down.” Effective sample conditioning and removal of liquids is essential when using this sensor
Piezoelectric sorption
The piezoelectric sorption instrument compares the changes in frequency of hydroscopically coated quartz oscillators. As the mass of the crystal changes due to adsorption of water vapor, the frequency of the oscillator changes. The sensor is a relative measurement, so an integrated calibration system with desiccant dryers, permeations tubes and sample line switching is used to correlate the system on a frequent basis.
The system has success in many applications including natural gas. It is possible to have interference from glycol, methanol, and damage from hydrogen sulfide which can result in erratic readings. The sensor itself is relatively inexpensive and very precise. The required calibration system is not as precise and adds to the cost and mechanical complexity of the system. The labor for frequent replacement of desiccant dryers, permeation components, and the sensor heads greatly increase the operational costs. Additionally, slugs of water render the system nonfunctional for long periods of time as the sensor head has to “dry-down.”
Aluminum oxide and silicon oxide
The oxide sensor is made up of an inert substrate material and two dielectric layers, one of which is sensitive to humidity. The moisture molecules pass through the pores on the surface and cause a change to a physical property of the layer beneath it.
An aluminum oxide sensor has two metal layers that form the electrodes of a capacitor. The number of water molecules adsorbed will cause a change in the dielectric constant of the sensor. The sensor impedance correlates to the water concentration. A silicon oxide sensor can be an optical device that changes its refractive index as water is absorbed into the sensitive layer or a different impedance type in which silicon replaces the aluminium.
In the first type (optical) when light is reflected through the substrate, a wavelength shift can be detected on the output which can be precisely correlated to the moisture concentration. Fiber optic connector can be used to separate the sensor head and the electronics.
This type of sensor is not extremely expensive and can be installed at pipeline pressure (in-situ). Water molecules do take time to enter and exit the pores, so some wet-up and dry down delays will be observed, especially after a slug. Contaminants and corrosives may damage and clog the pores causing a “drift” in the calibration, but the sensor heads can be refurbished or replaced and will perform better in very clean gas streams. As with the piezoelectric and electrolytic sensors, the sensor is susceptible to interference from glycol and methanol, the calibration will drift as the sensor’s surface becomes inactive due to damage or blockage, so the calibration is reliable only at the beginning of the sensor’s life.
In the second type (silicon oxide sensor) the device is often temperature controlled for improved stability and is considered to be chemically more stable than aluminium oxide types and far faster responding due to the fact they hold less water in equilibrium at an elevated operating temperature.
Whilst most absorption type devices can be installed at pipe line pressures (up to 130 Barg) traceability to international Standards is compromised. Operation at near atmospheric pressure does provide traceability and offers other significant benefits such enabling direct validation against known moisture content.
Spectroscopy
Absorption spectroscopy is a relatively simple method of passing light through a gas sample and measuring the amount of light absorbed at the specific wavelength. Traditional spectroscopic techniques have not been successful at doing this in natural gas because methane absorbs light in the same wavelength regions as water. But if one uses a very high resolution spectrometer, it is possible to find some water peaks that are not overlapped by other gas peaks.
The tunable laser provides a narrow, tunable wavelength light source that can be used to analyze these small spectral features. According to the Beer-Lambert law, the amount of light absorbed by the gas is proportional to amount of the gas present in the light’s path; therefore this technique is a direct measurement of moisture. In order to achieve a long enough path length of light, a mirror is used in the instrument. The mirror may become partially blocked by liquid and solid contaminations, but since the measurement is a ratio of absorbed light over the total light detected, the calibration is unaffected by the partially blocked mirror (if the mirror is totally blocked, it must be cleaned).
The Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) analyzer has a higher upfront cost compared to the analyzers above. However, the TDLAS technology is the only one that can meet any one of the following: the necessity for an analyzer that will not suffer from interference or damage from corrosive gases, liquids or solids, or an analyzer that will react very quickly to drastic moisture changes, or an analyzer that will remain calibrated for very long periods of time.
See also
Spectrasensors
External links
PSI Corp.
GE Sensing
AMETEK Process Instruments
Free Windows Program, Moisture Units Conversion Calculator - PhyMetrix
IMA dewpoint training site
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moisture_analysis”
Categories: Measurement | Psychrometrics | Natural gasHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from November 2007 | All articles lacking sources
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This page was last modified on 3 February 2010 at 06:09.
This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia’s quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (October 2009)
The white and red versions of Haw Par Tiger Balm.
Tiger Balm (traditional Chinese: ?????; pinyin: h?biao wànj?nyóu) is the trade name for a heat rub manufactured and distributed by Haw Par Healthcare in Singapore. It was originally developed in the 1870s by a herbalist, Aw Chu Kin, in Rangoon, Burma, who asked his sons Aw Boon Haw and Aw Boon Par on his deathbed to perfect the product.
Originally named for containing tiger bone, an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine dating back 1,500 years to treat pain, inflammation and to strengthen muscle , Tiger Balm now consists purely of herbal ingredients. Tiger Balm is available in several varieties, the weaker Tiger Balm White (which is recommended for use with headaches) and the stronger Tiger Balm Red (which is not to be used on the head). There is also another version called Tiger Balm Ultra.
From the notes that accompany Tiger Balm:
Tiger Balm is made from a secret herbal formulation that dates back to the times of the Chinese emperors. The Aw brothers, Aw Boon Haw and Aw Boon Par inherited the formulation from their herbalist father who left China. They call it Tiger Balm, after Boon Haw, (whose name in Chinese meant “Tiger”) who was instrumental in devising the remarkable selling strategies that made Tiger Balm a household name all over Asia today.
Contents
1Composition
2See also
3Indications
4References
5External links
Composition
Ingredient
Red
White
Menthol
10%
8%
Camphor
11%
11%
Dementholised mint oil
6%
16%
Cajuput oil
7%
13%
Clove bud oil
5%
1.5%
Cassia oil
5%
The remainder is a petroleum jelly and paraffin base. The rub does not contain tiger parts.
The original Tiger Balm Red and Tiger Balm White have 25% of Camphor. A new product, named Tiger Balm White HR, uses Eucalyptus oil instead of Cajuput oil.
See also
Amrutanjan
Namman Muay
IcyHot
Mentholatum
Deep Heat
Flexpower
Percutane
Indications
The Tiger balm can be used in the following cases:
Myalgia muscular pains.
Migraines and headaches of light intensity to moderate.
Mosquito bites: to relieve the itch.
Cough: to release the respiratory voices, in application on the chest and the back.
Stomach ache: rub on stomach to relieve upset stomach.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Balm”
Categories: Ointments | Singaporean brandsHidden categories: Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from October 2009 | Articles containing traditional Chinese language text
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This page was last modified on 15 February 2010 at 15:48.
In mathematics, a versor is a directed great-circle arc that corresponds to a quaternion of norm one. In geometry and physics, a versor is sometimes defined as a unit vector indicating the orientation of a directed axis (such as a Cartesian axis) or of another vector.
The word is fromLatinversus = “turned”, from pp. of vertere = “to turn”, and was introduced by William Rowan Hamilton, in the context of his quaternion theory.
Contents
1Definition in quaternion theory
2Definition in geometry and physics
3Hyperbolic versor
4See also
5References
6External links
Definition in quaternion theory
arc AB + arc BC = arc AC
Hamilton denoted the versor of a quaternion q by the symbol Uq. He was then able to display the general quaternion in polar coordinate form
where Tq is the tensor of q. The tensor of a versor is always equal to one. Of particular importance are the right versors, which have angle ?/2. These versors have zero scalar part, and so are vectors of length one (unit vectors). In all, H has a 2-sphere of right versors, of which i, j, and k are examples.
If a great-circle arc has length a, and if is the pole of this great circle (viewed as the equator with respect to the pole), then the versor is the quaternion
Multiplication of quaternions of norm one corresponds to the “addition” of great circle arcs on the 2-sphere. Hamilton writes
imply
When versors are used for spherical trigonometry we have an illustration of quaternion algebra in practical expression.
Since versors correspond to elements of the 3-sphere in H, it is natural today to write
for the versor composition, where is the pole of the product versor and b is its angle (as in the figure).
When we view the spherical trigonometric solution for b and in the product of exponentials, then we have an instance of the general Campbell-Baker-Hausdorff formula in Lie group theory. As the 3-sphere represented by versors in H is a 3-parameter Lie group, practice with versor compositions is good preparation for more abstract Lie group and Lie algebra theory. Indeed, as great circle arcs they compose as sums of vector arcs (Hamilton’s term), but as quaternions they simply multiply. Thus the great-circle-arc model is similar to logarithm in that sums correspond to products. In Lie theory, the pair (group,algebra) carries this logarithm-likeness to higher dimensions.
Definition in geometry and physics
Since right versors play an important role in the description of three-dimensional space, the term versor is frequently adopted to mean right versor when no other quaternionterminology is used.
Thus a versor is sometimes defined as a unit vector indicating the direction of a directed axis or vector. For instance:
The versors of a Cartesian coordinate system are the unit vectors codirectional with the axes of that system.
The versor (or normalized vector) of a non-zero vector is the unit vector codirectional with , i.e.,
Hyperbolic versor
In linear algebra, a hyperbolic versor is a quantity of the form
Such elements arise in algebras of mixed signature, for example split-complex numbers or split-quaternions. It was the algebra of tessarines discovered by James Cockle in 1848 that first provided hyperbolic versors. In fact, James Cockle wrote the above equation (with r = j) when he found that the tessarines included the new type of imaginary element.
The primary exponent of hyperbolic versors was Alexander Macfarlane as he worked to shape quaternion theory to serve physical science. He saw the modelling power of hyperbolic versors operating on the split-complex number plane, and in 1891 he introduced hyperbolic quaternions to extend the concept to 4-space. Problems in that algebra lead to use of biquaternions after 1900. In a widely circulated review of 1899, Macfarlane said:
Today the concept of a one-parameter group subsumes the concepts of versor and hyperbolic versor as the terminology of Sophus Lie has replaced that of Hamilton and Macfarlane. In particular, for each r such that r r = +1 or r r = ?1, the mapping takes the real line to a group of hyperbolic or ordinary versors. In the ordinary case, when r and ?r are antipodal points on a sphere, the one-parameter groups have the same points but are oppositely directed. In physics, this aspect of rotational symmetry is termed a doublet (physics).
In 1911 Alfred Robb published his Optical Geometry of Motion in which he identified the parameter rapidity which specifies a change in frame of reference. This rapidity parameter corresponds to the real variable in a one-parameter group of hyperbolic versors. With the further development of special relativity the action of a hyperbolic versor came to be called a Lorentz boost.
See also
Quaternions and spatial rotation
References
^Elements of Quaternions, 2nd edition,v.1,p.146
^Papers on Space Analysis (1894), papers 2,3, and 5, see external link below.
^ Science, 9:326 (1899)
W.R. Hamilton (1899) Elements of Quaternions, 2nd edition, edited by Charles Jasper Joly, Longmans Green & Company. See pp. 135-147.
A.S. Hardy (1887) Elements of Quaternions, pp. 71,2 “Representation of Versors by spherical arcs” and pp. 112-8 “Applications to Spherical Trigonometry”.
C.C. Silva & R.A. Martins (2002) “Polar and Axial Vectors versus Quaternions”, American Journal of Physics 70:958. Section IV: Versors and unitary vectors in the system of quaternions. Section V: Versor and unitary vectors in vector algebra.
External links
http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/versor
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Versor
A. Macfarlane (1894) Papers on Space Analysis, B. Westerman, New York, weblink from archive.org.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versor”
Categories: Spherical trigonometry | Quaternions
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This page was last modified on 10 December 2009 at 04:01.
is the pole of this great circle (viewed as the equator with respect to the pole), then the versor is the quaternion
is the pole of the product versor and b is its angle (as in the figure).
in the product of exponentials, then we have an instance of the general Campbell-Baker-Hausdorff formula in Lie group theory. As the 3-sphere represented by versors in H is a 3-parameter Lie group, practice with versor 
of a non-zero vector 
is the unit vector codirectional with 
takes the real line to a group of hyperbolic or ordinary versors. In