Buck Buchanan

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Junious “Buck” Buchanan (September 10, 1940 – July 16, 1992) was an American who played collegiate and Professional Football as a defensive tackle. He played for the Kansas City Chiefs in the American Football League (AFL) and in the National Football League (NFL).

High school years

Buchanan attended A. H. Parker High School in Birmingham, Alabama, and was a standout in football and basketball.

College years

Buchanan attended Grambling State University and was a letterman in football and an NAIA All-America selection. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1996. He is one of four players coached by Eddie Robinson enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Professional career

In 1963, the 6′7″ 287 pound Buchanan was the first player selected overall in the AFL Draft by the Kansas City Chiefs. Eddie Robinson, his coach at Grambling State, where he had been an NAIA All-American in 1962, called him “the finest lineman I have seen.” Buchanan was the first black number one draft choice in Professional Football. He came from a small historically black university, a source that the NFL ignored and the AFL cultivated. In fact, the New York Giants had drafted Buchanan in the nineteenth round of the 1963 NFL Draft, the 265th player chosen overall.

Others who had watched Buchanan in action were equally enthusiastic. Buchanan had the physical size plus the athletic instincts to be exceptionally successful at his job of foiling opposing offenses. He was particularly effective at intimidating the passer and in one season alone (1967 AFL season|1967) he batted down 16 passes at or behind the line of scrimmage. He was clocked at 4.9 in the 40-yard dash and 10.2 in the 100-yard dash at Grambling State and with that speed he could range from sideline to sideline to make tackles.

In spite of the weekly pounding he took on the line of scrimmage, Buchanan was extremely durable. He played in 182 career games that included a string of 166 straight. After dabbling briefly at defensive end as a rookie, Buchanan settled down to his permanent job as the Chiefs’ defensive right tackle. He was named to his first AFL All-Star Game after his second season and played in six AFL All-Star games and two AFC-NFC Pro Bowls.

He teamed with Curley Culp, Aaron Brown and Jerry Mays to establish a dominant front four for the Chiefs, culminating in their victory over the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV.

He was selected to the second team of the AFL All-Time Team, and was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1990. Two years after he was inducted to the Pro Hall of Fame, he died from lung cancer at the age of 51.

In 1999, he was ranked number 67 on The Sporting News’ list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, right behind his former Chiefs teammate Bobby Bell at number 66. The Chiefs also retired his uniform number 86.

Buchanan once appeared on ABC’s The American Sportsman hosted by Grits Gresham of Natchitoches, Louisiana. The program featured Gresham taking celebrities on big-game hunting trips, fishing tournaments, or shooting contests in exotic places around the world.

Death

He was diagnosed with lung cancer a week before his Hall of Fame induction and died in his Kansas City home on July 16, 1992 at the age of 51.

See also

• Buck Buchanan Award
• Other American Football League players

External links

• Pro Football Hall of Fame: Member biography
• Football cards
• Buchanan’s 1965 Topps football card

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Buchanan”
Categories: 1940 births | 1992 deaths | People from Sumter County, Alabama | American football defensive tackles | Grambling State Tigers football players | American Football League first overall draft picks | Kansas City Chiefs (AFL) players | Kansas City Chiefs players | American Football League All-Star players | American Conference Pro Bowl players | Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees | College Football Hall of Fame inductees | Deaths from lung cancer | American Football League All-Time Team | American Football League first round signeesHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from February 2008 | All articles lacking sources

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De oude muzikant

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“De oude muzikant”
Eurovision Song Contest 1973 entry
Country	Netherlands
Artist(s)	Ben Cramer
Language	Dutch
Composer(s)	Pierre Kartner
Lyricist(s)	Pierre Kartner
Conductor	Harry van Hoof
Finals performance
Final result	14th
Final points	69
Appearance chronology
? Als het om de liefde gaat (1972)
I See a Star (1974) ?

“De oude muzikant” (”The old musician”) was the Dutch entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1973, performed in Dutch by Ben Cramer.

The song is a ballad, with Cramer describing the titular “old musician”, who lives in Paris. He explains that the character had once been famous and wealthy, but that he is now reduced to the life of an anonymous street musician - with even his friends deserting him. Cramer also recorded the song in English (as “The Old Street Musician”), French (”Pour être vraiment sincère”) and German (”Der alte musikant”).

The song was performed thirteenth on the night, following Sweden’s Nova with “You’re Summer” and preceding Ireland’s Maxi with “Do I Dream”. At the close of voting, it had received 69 points, placing 14th in a field of 17.

It was succeeded as Dutch representative at the 1974 Contest by Mouth & MacNeal with “I See A Star”.

References and external links

• Official Eurovision Song Contest site, history by year, 1973
• Detailed info and lyrics, Diggiloo Thrush, “De oude muzikant”

This Netherlands-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v • d • e

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_oude_muzikant”
Categories: Netherlands stubs | Dutch Eurovision songs | Eurovision songs of 1973

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A Very Special Christmas (series)

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A Very Special Christmas is the title of an ongoing series of Christmas music compilation albums that benefit Special Olympics. It features songs performed by artists from a variety of genres, such as U2, Stevie Nicks, Bon Jovi, Madonna, No Doubt, Whitney Houston, Run–D.M.C., Willie Nelson and Bruce Springsteen.

A Very Special Christmas was the brainchild of music producer Jimmy Iovine, who wanted to produce a Christmas album as a memorial to his father. The idea of the record benefiting Special Olympics was suggested by Iovine’s wife Vicki, as she was a volunteer for the organization. Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss, the founders of A&M Records, along with Bobby Shriver, helped the Iovines realize the project. Since the release of the first album in 1987, the series has raised over $100 million for Special Olympics, more than any other benefit series. The album cover art is designed by artist Keith Haring.

A Very Special Christmas series

• A Very Special Christmas - 1987
• A Very Special Christmas 2 - 1992
• A Very Special Christmas 3 - 1997
• A Very Special Christmas Live - 1999
• A Very Special Christmas 5 - 2001
• A Very Special Acoustic Christmas - 2003
• A Very Special Christmas 7 - 2009

Jazz to the World and World Christmas

In 1995, the jazz-oriented Jazz to the World was released by Blue Note Records. The following year, World Christmas, which focused on diverse artists from around the globe, was released by Blue Note subsidiary Metro Blue Records. Although they are not part of the main A Very Special Christmas series, the proceeds from these albums also benefit Special Olympics.

Jazz to the World

1. “Winter Wonderland” - Herb Alpert/Jeff Lorber
2. “Baby, It’s Cold Outside” - Lou Rawls/Dianne Reeves
3. “It Came Upon the Midnight Clear” - Fourplay
4. “Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas” - Diana Krall
5. “O Tannenbaum” - Stanley Clarke/George Duke/Everette Harp
6. “Let It Snow” - Michael Franks/Carla Bley/Steve Swallow
7. “The Christmas Waltz” - The Brecker Brothers/Steve Kahn
8. “The Little Drummer Boy” - Cassandra Wilson
9. “I’ll Be Home for Christmas” - Herbie Hancock/Eliane Elias
10. “O come, O come, Emmanuel” - John McLaughlin
11. “Christmas Blues” - Holly Cole
12. “Angels We Have Heard on High” - Steps Ahead
13. “The Christmas Song” - Anita Baker
14. “What Child Is This?” - Chick Corea
15. “Winter Wonderland” - Dave Koz
16. “Il Est Ne, Le Divin Enfant” - Dr. John

World Christmas

1. “Angels We Have Heard on High/Les Anges Dans Nos Compagnes” - Papa Wemba/Mino Cinelu
2. “We Three Kings” - Bob Berg/Jim Beard/Zakir Hussain/Mark Ledford
3. “Go Tell It on the Mountain” - John Scofield/The Wild Magnolias
4. “O Holy Night” (Zan Vevede) - Angélique Kidjo
5. “Michaux Veillait/Santa Claus Is Coming to Town” - The Caribbean Jazz Project
6. “Natal” - Cesária Évora
7. “Ave Maria” - Deep Forest/Louka Kanza
8. “We Wish You a Merry Christmas/Rumba Navidene” - Vocal Sampling
9. “Boas Festas” - Gilberto Gil/Caetano Veloso/Eliane Elias
10. “Cascabel/Jingle Bells” - Yomo Toro and the Boricua All Stars
11. “The Twelve Days of Christmas” - Mino Cinelu/Dianne Reeves
12. “God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen” - Joshua Redman/Marcus Miller/Lalah Hathaway
13. “Navidad” - Gipsy Kings

External links

• Special Olympics official website

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Very_Special_Christmas_(series)”
Categories: Christmas albums | Compilation album series | Special Olympics

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The Wine-Dark Sea

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The Wine-Dark Sea
First edition cover
Author	Patrick O’Brian
Cover artist	Geoff Hunt
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Series	Aubrey-Maturin series
Genre(s)	Historical novel
Publisher	Harper Collins (UK)
Publication date	1993
Media type	Print (Hardback & Paperback) & Audio Book (Cassette, CD)
Pages	261 pp (first edition, hardback) & 262 pp (paperback edition)
ISBN	ISBN 0-393-03558-1, (first edition, hardback) & ISBN 0-393-31244-5 (paperback edition UK)
OCLC Number	27975129
Dewey Decimal	823/.914 20
LC Classification	PR6029.B55 W5 1993
Preceded by	Clarissa Oakes
Followed by	The Commodore

The Wine-Dark Sea (1993) is the sixteenth volume in the Aubrey/Maturin series, and became Patrick O’Brian’s first bestseller in the United States. Again the novel features the pair of Captain Aubrey and his sea-surgeon Stephen Maturin and their vessel of many years, the Surprise. The novel’s title is the English translation of a line from Homer.

Plot summary

The narrative opens with the close pursuit of an American privateer, the Franklin, by the Surprise in the South Pacific, interrupted by an undersea volcanic eruption which completely disables the former and severely damages the latter. The Franklin is easily taken as most of its crew are either dead, severely wounded or drunk, and Monsieur Dutourd, its French owner, is taken on board. A wealthy philanthropist, he intended to colonise a South Pacific island, Moahu, and establish a paradise of equality, justice, and little labour, after first enriching himself by committing piracy on assorted British whalers and merchantmen, and then wiping out the island’s hostile native population.

Maturin recognises Dutourd from earlier days in the high society salons of Paris, and takes pains to hide his identity from the Frenchman. Aubrey, meanwhile, finds that not only does Dutourd not know the basic courtesies of life at sea, but does not have a letter of marque permitting him to operate the Franklin as a privateer. The Franklin having taken several British ships as prizes, Dutourd’s legal status is that of a pirate, liable to be hanged.

An American whaler is taken by the Surprise and the Franklin, and a British sailor on the whaler tells Aubrey of a French ship — the Alastor — turned a true pirate, unlike the Franklin, flying the black flag and demanding immediate surrender or death of its victims. The Franklin encounters the Alastor first and is outmatched, but the Surprise overcomes the pirates, with Aubrey receiving severe wounds to his eye from wadding and his thigh from a pike thrust.

The story now turns to Maturin’s secret mission to Peru. He is put ashore to incite revolution against the Spanish colonial government and makes valuable contact among local military and government officials sympathetic to Peruvian independence. He is also aided by Aubrey’s illegitimate son, Sam Panda, a prominent official in the Catholic Church and close to becoming a prelate. Stephen also meets Dr Geary from the Three Graces and is able to secure a passage home for Mr Martin who has been severely laid low by what he presumed was the Sydney pox, but in fact which turned out to be simply bad salt sores.

His task as an intelligence agent is suddenly made harder owing to Dutourd’s escape and arrival in Callao (aided by the Surprise’s Knipperdolling crewmembers). He raises a hue and cry, denouncing Maturin on the eve of the carefully engineered revolution, as an English spy. Aubrey, meanwhile, sails in a small boat with a few crewmen from the Franklin to San Lorenzo to warn Maturin of Dutourd’s escape. After many days of hard sailing against the wind in appalling weather conditions, they finally reach the harbour and are taken on board the Surprise by Captain Pullings. Once he has recovered, he receives a welcome visit from his illegitimate son and Sam updates him on the local political situation.

Stephen, after a secret meeting with Gayongos, a wealthy merchant and revolutionary sympathiser, has departed on a mule into the mountains, to meet with the Vicar-General, Father O’Higgins, and to view the mountainous flora and fauna accompanied by Eduardo, his highly knowledgeable and amicable Peruvian Indian guide. The doctor sees numerous condors, flowering bromeliads, guanacos and vicuña. After leaving a Capuchin monastery, Eduardo receives a message that the revolution has failed due to Dutourd’s premature exposure and Maturin has to flee for his life. Trekking over the Andes mountains, Maturin and Eduardo are caught in a viento blanco (blizzard) and Stephen has to amputate two of his own frostbitten toes with a chisel - but being the indefatigable naturalist that he is, he is able to collect a considerable number of plant and animal specimens.

Having eventually made his way from Lima to Arica, and then taken ship from Valparaíso, Aubrey eventually picks Maturin up in Chile. Stephen informs him of three American China ships sailing from Boston. The Surprise sails to intercept them off Cape Horn but, as she prepares to engage them, is herself fired upon by a thirty-eight gun US frigate. After avoiding an iceberg, the Surprise is chased until her pursuer sails down a lane in the ice field that is a dead-end. The Surprise escapes but then loses her main mast and rudder after being struck by lightning. Jury-rigged, her crew spot a ship hull-down on the horizon and fear that it is the more powerful American frigate back in pursuit. However, the ship turns out to be the Berenice, a sixty-four-gun man-of-war commanded by Aubrey’s old friend Heneage Dundas, accompanied by an American clipper they have taken and are using as a tender. Dundas provisions them with spars, cordage, storage and a Pakenham substitute rudder (and the much-needed pepper that Maturin needs to preserve his specimens from the moth) and as the book ends the Surprise is homeward bound.

Characters in “The Wine-Dark Sea”

• Jack Aubrey - Captain (and purser) of HM Hired Vessel Surprise.
• Stephen Maturin - ship’s surgeon, friend to Jack and an intelligence officer.
• Captain Pullings - technically the captain of the Surprise, acting as its first officer; takes command of the Franklin
• Monsieur Dutourd - a rich French philanthropist
• Reverend Nathaniel Martin - assistant-surgeon and Stephen’s friend
• Mr Reade - a Midshipman
• Padeen Colman - Stephen’s servant and loblolly boy
• Killick - Jack’s steward
• Bonden - Jack’s coxswain
• Joe Plaice - Able Seaman
• Mr Grainger - acting Lieutenant (formerly forecastleman and a master mariner)
• Sam Norton - a Midshipman
• Henry Vidal - acting Second Lieutenant on the Surprise (formerly a forecastleman) and a master mariner; a Knipperdolling
• Mr Adams - captain’s clerk
• Sarah and Emily Sweeting - Melanesian girls rescued earlier by Maturin, rated as ships boys
• Sam Panda - Jack’s illegitimate son and a Roman Catholic Priest
• Eduardo - Maturin’s Inca Indian guide
• Don Bernardo O’Higgins - Vicar-General in Peru
• Pascual de Gayongos - a Catalan, wealthy merchant and revolutionary sympathiser
• General Hurtado - a high-ranked Peruvian General
• Heneage Dundas - Captain of the Berenice
• Joselito - Mule belonging to Don Bernardo O’Higgins and loaned to Stephen

Ships in “The Wine-Dark Sea”

The British:

• HM Hired Vessel Surprise - an elderly twenty-eight gun frigate
• The Three Graces
• HMS Berenice - sixty-four-gun man-of-war

The French:

• the Alastor - a French pirate ship
• the Alastor’s launch - used by Jack to sail to Callao

The American:

• the Franklin (captured)
• American whaler - captured by the Surprise/Franklin
• Nootka fur trader - captured by the Franklin
• thirty-eight gun frigate
• The Ringle - a Baltimore clipper (Berenice’s tender)

Literary significance & criticism

Reviews

“lf Jane Austen had written rousing sea yarns, she would have produced something very close to the prose of Patrick O’Brian.” —Time

“They’re funny, they’re exciting, they’re informative. . . there are legions of us who gladly ship out time and time again under Captain Aubrey.” —The New Yorker

“Addictively readable.” —Chicago Tribune

Editions

• Audio Edition Recorded Books, LLC; Unabridged Audio edition narrated by Patrick Tull (ISBN 141930903X)

Sources, references, external links, quotations

Footnotes

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wine-Dark_Sea”
Categories: 1993 novels | Historical novels | Novels by Patrick O’Brian

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Thomas M. Foglietta

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Thomas Foglietta
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania’s 1st district
In office January 3, 1981 – November 11, 1997
Preceded by	Michael J. Myers
Succeeded by	Bob Brady
Born	December 3, 1928 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Died	November 13, 2004 (aged 75) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Alma mater	Saint Joseph’s University
Religion	Roman Catholic

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Thomas Michael “Tom” Foglietta (December 3, 1928 – November 13, 2004) was United States Ambassador to Italy and an American politician from the state of Pennsylvania , most notable for his time in the House of Representatives from 1981 to 1997.

Biography and early career

Foglietta was born on December 3, 1928 in a house on 7th and Clymer Streets in South Philadelphia, and graduated from South Catholic High School in the city. Foglietta’s father, Michael, was a Republican committeeman, ward leader and clerk of quarter sessions who was ultimately elected to Philadelphia City Council in 1947. He received his bachelor’s degree from Saint Joseph’s University in Philadelphia in 1949, and his Juris Doctor from the Temple University law school in 1952. After graduating from law school, he entered private practice.

In 1955, Foglietta ran for Philadelphia City Council. Foglietta won, becoming the youngest person ever elected to that body. Foglietta served on the Council for 20 years. In 1975, he ran for mayor of Philadelphia, coming in third place to Frank Rizzo. Following his defeat, Foglietta became a regional director for the U.S. Department of Labor.

Congressional career

Congressional portrait

In the 1980 elections, Foglietta won in Pennsylvania’s 1st Congressional District, running as an independent. Foglietta defeated Congressman Michael “Ozzie” Myers who had been convicted in the Abscam bribery scandal. Following his election, Foglietta switched parties and became a Democrat, stating “I belonged to the progressive faction of the Republican Party — a faction that is no longer in existence.” In Congress, Foglietta concentrated his energies on foreign affairs and the preservation of the Philadelphia Navy Yard, which was slated for closure by the Base Realignment and Closure Commission. Foglietta made international headlines in 1985 when he was assaulted by Korean police officers in Seoul while accompanying then-South Korean dissident Kim Dae Jung on his flight home. The two formed a lifelong friendship and in 1999, Foglietta received a South Korean human rights award for supporting democracy there, while Kim received Philadelphia’s Liberty Medal. Foglietta later served on the House Appropriations Committee where he worked to secure federal funding for the restoration of various Philadelphia historic Sites including Independence Hall and Washington Square. Foglietta was also well known for founding the Congressional Urban Caucus, a legislative service organization dedicated to promoting urban policy issues in the House.

As Ambassador to Italy

Foglietta served in the House until 1997, when he resigned and was appointed ambassador to Italy by President Bill Clinton. Upon his nomination, the Philadelphia Daily News published an editorial that stated: “In 68 years, Thomas Michael Foglietta will have made it from a rowhouse at 7th and Clymer to the embassy in Rome on a smile and a trustworthy handshake. Which, as it turns out, is an excellent way to travel.” The 1998 Cavalese cable-car disaster happened during his tenure in Rome; in the accident, a U.S. military aircraft flew too low, severing a gondola cable, resulting in the deaths of 20 skiers. Foglietta visited the accident site and knelt in prayer, offering apologies on behalf of the United States. An editorial in La Republicca, an Italian newspaper remarked: “Yesterday it was up to Ambassador Thomas Foglietta to do something we Italians do less and less. Foglietta expressed his apologies on behalf of President Clinton and the American people for that terrible tragedy and kneeled down in prayer for the poor victims.”

Foglietta died in 2004 following complications from surgery and was interred in Holy Cross Cemetery in Philadelphia. Upon his death the Philadelphia Daily News stated “in a city famous for brass-knuckle politics, Foglietta outlasted almost all of his rivals, and did it with a style that was all his own — with a love for earthy food and well-tailored threads and a disarmingly courtly manner.”

References

• “Ambassador Thomas M. Foglietta”. www.usembassy.it. United States Department of State. Ambassador Thomas M. Foglietta. Archived from the original on 2001-01-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20010128005200/www.usembassy.it/mission/amb/bio-en.htm. 
• “Meet Tom Foglietta-His Bio”. www.house.gov. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on 1997-04-14. http://www.house.gov/foglietta/bio.htm. 
• “Thomas M. Foglietta (D)”. CQ’s Politics in America - THE 104th CONGRESS. Congressional Quarterly. 1996. Archived from the original on 1997-06-14. http://www.house.gov/foglietta/polinam.htm. 

1. ^ Foglietta, Tom. “Congressional Urban Caucus Home Page”. Archived from the original on 1997-08-06. http://web.archive.org/web/19970806162149/http://www.house.gov/foglietta/urban.htm. 

External links

• Media related to Thomas M. Foglietta at Wikimedia Commons
• Thomas M. Foglietta at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• The Political Graveyard
• Congressman Tom Fogiletta official Congressional website
• “Everybody Called Him Tommy: From Rowhouse to Envoy to Italy, Foglietta Kept the People’s Trust.” Nicole Weisensee Egan, Philadelphia Daily News, November 15, 2004. Page-05 Local

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_M._Foglietta”
Categories: 1928 births | 2004 deaths | United States ambassadors to Italy | Deaths from surgical complications | Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania | Pennsylvania lawyers | Italian-American politicians | Temple University alumni | Saint Joseph’s University alumni | American Roman Catholics | Philadelphia City Council members

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Institute of Catalan Studies

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The Catalan-Valencian cultural domain Logo of the Institut d’Estudis Catalans Language Grammar Phonology and orthography Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua Institut d’Estudis Catalans History History of Catalonia · Counts of Barcelona Kingdom of Majorca · Kingdom of Valencia Crown of Aragon · Military history of Catalonia Catalan constitutions · Furs of Valencia Treaty of the Pyrenees · Nueva Planta decrees Geo-political divisions Catalonia · Valencian Community · Balearic Islands Northern Catalonia · Franja de Ponent Andorra · L’Alguer · Carxe All the above territories together: Països Catalans Government and Politics Generalitat de Catalunya Generalitat Valenciana Govern de les Illes Balears Consell General de les Valls (Andorra) General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales Politics of Catalonia Catalan nationalism Traditions Castells · Correfoc · Falles · Sardana ·  Moros i cristians · Caganer · Tió de Nadal Muixeranga · Nit de Sant Joan Botifarra · Barça · Paella · Rumba Myths and legends Arts Catalan literature · Antoni Gaudí · Modernisme La Renaixença · Noucentisme · Joaquim Sorolla Salvador Dalí · Joan Miró · Antoni Tàpies Santiago Calatrava This box: view • talk • edit

The Institute for Catalan Studies, Catalan: Institut d’Estudis Catalans or IEC is an academic institution which seeks to undertake research and study into “all elements of Catalan culture”.

The IEC is known principally for its work in standardizing the Catalan language. The Institute’s current president is Salvador Giner, elected to the office for four years in June 2005. The IEC is based in Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, and the second largest city in Spain.

Enric Prat de la Riba, the first President of the Mancomunitat de Catalunya, is credited with founding the Institute in 1907. The IEC is just one of a number of cultural and scientific institutions created at that time to lend greater prestige to the Catalan language and culture; others include the Biblioteca de Catalunya (Library of Catalonia), the Escola Industrial (Industrial School), the Escola Superior de Belles Arts (Higher School of Fine Arts) and the Escola del Treball (School of Labour), el Centre de Recerca Matemàtica. Prat de la Riba also created the Escola de l’Administració Local (School of Local Administration), in order to create a body of Catalan civil servants for the regional government.

The IEC inspired the creation of the Institut d’Estudis Occitans in Occitania. Occitania is an area in southern France where Occitan (often called Provençal) has been historically spoken.

Philological Section

The IEC’s Philological Section was founded in 1911. Antoni Maria Alcover served as its first president. Along with Pompeu Fabra, the Philological Section worked to establish a series of spelling norms that were approved by members in 1913. These became the foundation of modern written Catalan which are still in use today. Similarly, in 1917, the Diccionari Ortogràfic de l’Institut was published; it soon became a dictionary of spelling norms irredeemably tied to the reputation of former Institute Director Pompeu Fabra. The dictionary went through several editions, with the last released in 1937. This work and others were the basis of Fabra’s Dictionari General de la Llengua Catalana published in 1932, a general-purpose dictionary that became a standard reference work throughout the various Catalan-speaking regions.

Officially the IEC provides standards for Catalonia proper, Northern Catalonia (located in France), the Balearic Islands, and the Principality of Andorra (the only country where Catalan is the sole official language). The Valencian Region south of Catalonia has its own language academy, the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua. In an area known as the Franja de Ponent, the eastern edge of Aragon adjacent to Catalonia where Catalan is spoken, the rules are used de facto although Catalan is not an official language.

Other IEC works of note include the Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana published in 1995, and the regionally sensitive Diccionari Català-Valencià-Balear (Catalan-Valencian-Balearic Dictionary). Notable members of the Philological Section currently include Josep Carner, Àngel Guimerà and Joan Maragall.

References

1. ^ IEC. “IEC-Història”. IEC. http://www.iec.cat/gc/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=926&languageId=1&contentId=3062. Retrieved 2007-03-10. 

External links

• IEC Website
• On-line IEC Catalan Dictionary
• Centennial of the Institut d’Estudis Catalans
• The ICE’s Mercè Rodoreda Foundation
• Centre de Recerca Matemàtica

This article related to Catalonia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v • d • e

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Catalan_Studies”
Categories: Catalan language | Language regulators | Spanish organisation stubs | Catalonia stubsHidden categories: Articles containing Catalan language text

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Haji Din Mohammad

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Haji Din Mohammad ???? ??? ????
Governor of Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan
In office July 2002 – 2004
Preceded by	Haji Abdul Qadir
Succeeded by	Gul Agha Sherzai
Born	Nangarhar, Afghanistan
Religion	Muslim

This biography of a living person does not cite any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately. (September 2007)

Haji Din Mohammed is an Afghan politician and the present Governor of the Kabul Province.

Biography

Haji Din Mohammad is a member of a distinguished family which has served the nation of Afghanistan for more than 150 years.

His great-grandfather, Wazir Arsala Khan, served as Foreign Minister of Afghanistan in 1869. One of Arsala Khan’s descendents, Taj Mohammad Khan, was a general at the Battle of Maiwand. Another descendent, Abdul Jabbar Khan, was Afghanistan’s first ambassador to Russia.

Haji Din Mohammad’s father, Amanullah Khan Jabbarkhail, served as a district administer in various parts of the country. Two of his uncles, Mohammad Rafiq Khan Jabbarkhail and Haji Zaman Khan Jabbarkhail, were members of the 7th session of the Afghan Parliament which worked to expand the rights of ordinary citizens under the monarchy.

Haji Din Mohammad’s brothers Abdul Haq and Haji Abdul Qadir were Mujahideen commanders who fought against the forces of the USSR during the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan from 1980 through 1989. In 2001, Abdul Haq was captured and executed by the Taliban while pursuing efforts to promote the formation of a broad-based representative government. Haji Abdul Qadir served as a Governor of Nangarhar Province after the Soviet Occupation and was credited with maintaining peace in the province during the years of civil conflict that followed the Soviet withdrawal. Haji Abdul Qadir served as a Vice President in the newly formed post-Taliban government of Hamid Karzai, but was assassinated by unknown assailants in 2002.

Haji Din Mohammad served as the deputy of the Hezb-e-Islami Party of Younus Khalis. He served as the Minister of National Security in Afghanistan’s Interim Government in Exile during the 1990s and as Minister of Education in the Mujahideen Government which was established after the collapse of the Communist government. He also served as Deputy Prime Minister in the same period, but resigned when infighting erupted among the rival factions of Ahmad Shah Massoud and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.

During the Taliban Era, Haji Din Mohammad lived in exile and later helped Abdul Haq in his efforts to establish a broad-based post-Taliban government. Haji Din Mohammad’s son Ezatullah Sahil was captured and killed by the Taliban along with Abdul Haq in 2001.

Haji Din Mohammad and his brother Haji Nasrullah Baryalai Arsalai remain committed to the principles of inclusive government and reconciliation among competing factions in Afghanistan, and have been active in promoting the economic development and reconstruction of Afghan society after decades of chaos and violence.

Haji Din Mohammad became governor of the eastern province of Nangarhar after the assassination of his brother, Haji Abdul Qadir, in July 2002. He is also the brother of slain commander Abdul Haq.

References and footnotes

1. ^ Interview: Nangarhar Province Governor On Elections, Drugs, And Security . - Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Din_Mohammad”
Categories: Afghan politicians | Living peopleHidden categories: Unreferenced BLPs from September 2007 | All unreferenced BLPs

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The Pride, Pt. 1 & 2

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“The Pride, Pt. 1 & 2″ is a 1977 funk song by The Isley Brothers, released on their T-Neck imprint. The song, which was the first single released from their album, Go For Your Guns, was written as a warning to politicians to be the leader that the people need and to others who want change reminding them that “the pride makes (them) feel that (they) belong”. The song was one of several socially-conscious political songs the Isleys recorded throughout the 1970s including “Fight the Power Pts. 1 & 2″ and “Harvest for the World”. While the song peaked at a dismal number sixty-three on the pop charts, it reached number-one on the R&B singles chart becoming the group’s third number one on the chart..

Personnel

• Ronald Isley: lead vocals
• Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley and O’Kelly Isley, Jr.: background vocals
• Ernie Isley: guitars and drums
• Marvin Isley: bass and percussion
• Chris Jasper: piano, keyboards, synthesizers and clavinet

References

1. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 278. 

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Categories: 1977 singles | Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles | Funk songs | The Isley Brothers songs | 1970s single stubs

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Zardozi

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Zardozi (Hindi: ????????, Persian and Urdu: ??????) work is a type of embroidery in India and Pakistan. This style of embroidery has been in existence in India from the time of the Rig Veda. It prospered during the Mugal Emperor, Akbar, but later a loss of royal patronage and industrialization led to its decline. Today it is popular in the Indian cities of Lucknow, Bhopal, and Chennai.

The name zardozi is from Persian and means “sewing with gold”.

References

1. ^ Zardozi in India- Zardozi Embroidery, Zardozi Work, Zardosi Embroidery in India, Indian Zari Embroidery

External links

• http://pyaremiyanzariwala.com
• Zari-Zardozi
• Zardozi embroidery
• Latest Zardozi Artwork

collapsible autocollapse” style=”width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;”> v • d • e Embroidery Styles Assisi · Bargello · Berlin work · Blackwork · Broderie Anglaise · Broderie perse · Candlewicking · Canvas work · Counted-thread · Crewel · Cross-stitch · Cutwork · Darning · Drawn thread work · Free embroidery · Goldwork · Hardanger · Machine · Needlepoint · Quillwork · Smocking · Sprang · Stumpwork · Surface · Suzani · Trianglepoint · Whitework Stitches Backstitch · Blanket · Brick · Buttonhole · Chain stitch · Couching and laid work · Cross stitches · Embroidery stitch · Featherstitch · Holbein · Parisian · Peyote · Running · Satin stitch · Sashiko · Shisha · Straight stitch · Tent stitch Tools and materials Aida cloth · Embroidery hoop · Embroidery thread · Evenweave · Perforated paper · Plainweave · Plastic canvas · Sampler · Slip · Yarn Regional and historical Art needlework · Bunka shishu · Brazilian · Chikan · Chinese · English  · Indian · Jacobean · Kaitag  · Kantha · Kasuti  · Korean · Mountmellick · Persian · Opus Anglicanum · Suzhou · Ukrainian  · Vietnamese · Zardozi Embroideries Apocalypse Tapestry · Bayeux Tapestry · Bradford carpet · Hastings Embroidery · Hestia tapestry · Margaret Laton’s jacket · New World Tapestry · Overlord embroidery · Quaker Tapestry Designers and embroiderers Leon Conrad · Kaffe Fassett · Juanita Growing Thunder Fogarty  · Marilyn Leavitt-Imblum · Ann Macbeth · May Morris · Charles Germain de Saint Aubin · Mary Elizabeth Turner  · Teresa Wentzler · Erica Wilson · Lily Yeats Organizations and museums Embroiderers’ Guild (UK) · Embroiderer’s Guild of America  · Embroidery Software Protection Coalition · Royal School of Needlework  · Chung Young Yang Embroidery Museum  · Han Sang Soo Embroidery Museum Related Applique · Crochet · Knitting · Lace · Needlework · Quilting

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zardozi”
Categories: Embroidery in India | Islam in India | Pakistani clothing

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