Dolls may also refer to:

• Dolls (2006 film) - short British film directed by Susan Luciani
• Dolls (film), a 2002 film by Takeshi Kitano
• Dolls (1987 film), a 1987 film directed by Stuart Gordon
• Dolls (Kawahara), a manga series by Yumiko Kawahara
• Dolls (naked ape), a manga series by Naked Ape
• Dollz, pixel art of dolls dressed in various outfits
• Dolls (Street Fighter), video game characters in the Street Fighter series
• “Dolls”, a song by Ayumi Hamasaki on the album Rainbow
• Colloquially, to any of the following bands:
  • New York Dolls
  • Pussycat Dolls

The Dolls may refer to:

• Le bambole (translated: The Dolls), a 1965 Italian film
• The Dolls, a working name for Destiny’s Child before they settled on their current name
• The Dresden Dolls A Dark Cabaret band based in Boston

live adult tv

Events

By place

Roman Republic

• In the Battle of Ilipa (Alcalá del Río, near Seville) in Spain, the Carthaginian generals, Mago Barca and Hasdrubal Gisco, are defeated by the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio. Mago retreats to Gades (modern Cádiz) and then sails for the Balearic Islands.
• The Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio secures Gades, thus making Roman control of Spain complete. With the effective withdrawal of the Carthaginians from Spain, Hispania becomes a Roman province.
• The city of Italica (north west of modern Seville, Spain) is founded by Scipio as a place to settle for the Roman soldiers wounded in the Battle of Ilipa.
• After having successfully driven the Carthaginians out of Spain, Scipio returns in triumph to Rome and is elected consul. He then prepares to carry the war into Carthage’s territory in North Africa.

Carthage

• Hasdrubal Gisco retreats to the coast and then crosses to North Africa, where he gives his daughter in marriage to Syphax, king of the Numidian Masaesyles tribe, to formalize their military alliance.
• After being an ally of Carthage and fighting with them, Numidian chieftain, Masinissa switches sides when the Carthaginians are driven from Spain and offers to assist Rome. Syphax expels his rival Masinissa and claims himself to be King of Numidia. The Romans support Masinissa’s claim to the Numidian throne against Syphax, the pro-Carthaginian ruler of the Massaesyli tribe.

Persia

• Arsaces II, king of the Parthians, loses territory in battles with Euthydemus I, ruler of Bactria.
• Antiochus III marches across the Hindu Kush into the Kabul valley and renews a friendship with the Indian king Sophagasenus.

Greece

• The war between Macedonia and Rome drags on with no decided advantage to either side. Rome’s interest lies not in conquest, but in keeping Macedon, the Greek city-states and Greek political leagues continually divided and non-threatening.
• Philip V of Macedon is able to take advantage of Roman inactivity. After sacking Thermum, the religious and political centre of Aetolia, Philip is able to force the Aetolians to accept a peace treaty based on his terms.

China

• Ziying, ruler of the Qin Dynasty, surrenders to Liu Bang, leader of a popular revolt. This marks the end of the Qin Dynasty and the principality that would later become the Han Dynasty established by Liu. However, in order to secure his position throughout China, Liu Bang becomes engaged in a civil war with the warlord, general Xiang Yu, until 202 BC, known as the Chu-Han contention.

Births

hho dry cell

Neskantaga First Nation

Jump to: navigation, search

Coordinates: 52.191402° N 88.03638° W

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008)

Neskantaga (also known as Lansdowne House, Ontario), is a remote First Nations reserve and community in the northern reaches of the Canadian province of Ontario, situated along the shore of Attawapiskat Lake. The town is linked to the rest of Ontario by the Lansdowne House Airport, and by winter roads and ice roads to points south, via the Northern Ontario Resource Trail. It has a total aboriginal population of 316 people.

Neskantaga is policed by the Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service, an Aboriginal based service.

It is located in the District of Kenora.

Northern Light Mission Trips have been conducted for the children of the community by members of the Tintern Church of Christ in Beamsville, Ontario.

This Northern Ontario geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neskantaga_First_Nation”
Categories: Anishinaabe reserves in Ontario | Communities in Kenora District, Ontario | Nishnawbe Aski Nation | Northern Ontario geography stubsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from August 2008 | All articles lacking sources

Views

• Article
• Discussion
• Edit this page
• History

Personal tools

• Log in / create account

Navigation

• Main page
• Contents
• Featured content
• Current events
• Random article
• Advanced search

Search

Interaction

• About Wikipedia
• Community portal
• Recent changes
• Contact Wikipedia
• Donate to Wikipedia
• Help

Toolbox

• What links here
• Related changes
• Upload file
• Special pages
• Printable version
• Permanent link
• Cite this page

• This page was last modified on 9 August 2008, at 23:49.
• All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
  Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
• Privacy policy
• About Wikipedia
• Disclaimers

dixie narco 501

Les Diaboliques

Jump to: navigation, search

Les Diaboliques may refer to:

• Les Diaboliques (book), 1874 short stories collection by Jules Amédée Barbey d’Aurevilly, each of which relates a tale of a woman who commits acts of violence, crime, or revenge.
• Les Diaboliques (film), 1955 French film directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot, based on a novel by Boileau-Narcejac.
• Les Diaboliques (band), trio founded by Scottish vocalist Maggie Nicols, Swiss pianist Irene Schweizer and French bassist Joelle Leandre.

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Diaboliques”
Categories: Disambiguation

Views

• Article
• Discussion
• Edit this page
• History

Personal tools

• Log in / create account

Navigation

• Main page
• Contents
• Featured content
• Current events
• Random article

Search

Interaction

• About Wikipedia
• Community portal
• Recent changes
• Contact Wikipedia
• Donate to Wikipedia
• Help

Toolbox

• What links here
• Related changes
• Upload file
• Special pages
• Printable version
• Permanent link
• Cite this page

• This page was last modified on 19 August 2008, at 11:30.
• All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
  Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
• Privacy policy
• About Wikipedia
• Disclaimers

gambar ikan toman

Piedmont, Missouri
Streetside in Piedmont
Location of Piedmont, Missouri
Coordinates: 37°9?14?N 90°41?45?W? / ?37.15389, -90.69583
Country	United States
State	Missouri
County	Wayne
Area
- Total	2.1 sq mi (5.4 km²)
- Land	2.1 sq mi (5.4 km²)
- Water	0.0 sq mi (0.0 km²)
Elevation	495 ft (151 m)
Population (2000)
- Total	1,992
- Density	955.5/sq mi (368.9/km²)
Time zone	Central (CST) (UTC-6)
- Summer (DST)	CDT (UTC-5)
ZIP code	63957
Area code(s)	573
FIPS code	29-57422
GNIS feature ID	0751576

Piedmont is a city in Wayne County, Missouri, United States. The population was 1,992 at the 2000 census.

History

Founded as Danielsville in the mid-1850s, early settlers were mostly farmers and merchants. The arrival of the St. Louis Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad in 1871 brought many supplies and workers and created a demand for local timber.

Another major event in the history of Piedmont was the official opening of the Clearwater Lake Dam in 1948. Clearwater Lake is a man-made lake located within six miles of the Piedmont city limits that controls flood waters in the winter and provides a major tourist attraction in the summer.

Other major sources of local revenue include small companies at two industrial parks and services for a growing number of retirees, many of whom relocate here to enjoy the mild winters and low cost of living.

Area attractions include the Bluffview Park, Sunset Point Resort, and the Canyon Club Golf Course. Annual events of note include the Annual 4th of July Fireworks and the Ozark Heritage Festival & Craft Show in October.

Geography

Piedmont is located at 37°9??N, 90°41?45?W (37.153868, -90.695766).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.4 km²), all of it land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,992 people, 869 households, and 528 families residing in the city. The population density was 955.5 people per square mile (369.8/km²). There were 959 housing units at an average density of 460.0/sq mi (178.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.09% White, African American, 0.40% Native American, 0.35% Asian, 0.20% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.60% of the population.

There were 869 households out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.1% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.2% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 23.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.79.

In the city the population was spread out with 23.3% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 25.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $19,490, and the median income for a family was $23,500. Males had a median income of $27,120 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,976. About 24.3% of families and 26.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.7% of those under age 18 and 16.6% of those age 65 or over.

Out of a 3,610-person workforce in Wayne County, 3,200 are employed. The unemployment rate is 11.4 percent with 410 out of work. The average hourly wage for the county is $8.02 per hour in the manufacturing sector, and $7.46 in non-manufacturing.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} “American FactFinder”. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
2. ^ “US Board on Geographic Names”. United States Geological Survey (2007-10-25). Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
3. ^ “US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990″. United States Census Bureau (2005-05-03). Retrieved on 2008-01-31.

canon powershot sd 790 bid

He was the brother of former Major League Baseball catcher Wally Schang

In 3 seasons Schang played in 82 Games and had 186 At Bats, 14 Runs, 35 Hits, 7 Doubles, 4 Triples, 6 RBI, 3 Stolen Bases, 18 Walks, .188 Batting Average, .263 On-base percentage, .269 Slugging Percentage, 50 Total Bases and 8 Sacrifice Hits.

He died in Sacramento, California at the age of 79.

radiate croc lacoste

Background

This was Juan Madrazo’s second encounter with the United States court system. Madrazo’s ship Isabelita was originally captured by a ship flying under the flag of Amelia, a colony in revolt from the Kingdom of Spain that had received no international recognition and was mainly run by Americans.

A court in the said country deemed the capture of the Isabelita and her cargo of slaves legal booty and sold them to William Bowen. Bowen later transported the slaves to the Creek nation where they were captured in the state of Georgia. After their capture Governor John Clark of Georgia ordered some of them to be sold while the remaining remained in his possession. After a round of suits in the district court of Georgia, Madrazo filed a suit in the circuit court on appeal. It was argued whether the district court had jurisdiction of the case. The circuit court ruled that it had jurisdiction and restored the slaves to Madrazo. Georgia appealed to the Supreme Court on the basis that the case was not a case of admiralty, but instead a case against the state, giving Madrazo no grounds for a case because of the 11th Amendment. Marshall wrote in his opinion of Governor of Georgia v. Madrazo, 26 US (1 Pet.) 110 (1828), that Madrazo’s claim against the Governor of Georgia was against a state because the Governor was acting in his official office of Governor and he did not have basis because of the 11th Amendment which forbids cases of law or equity against a state. He did leave a loophole that the 11th Amendment of the Constitution leaves out cases of admiralty for sovereign immunity of states and that they are of original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

Outcome

The case was dismissed, the court found that the property was not in the jurisdiction of a court of admiralty or in the possession of a private person, the governor not being a private person, but in possession of the state of Georgia and therefore Madrazo’s case was a suit of law or equity and could not stand.

See also

• List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 32

russian cobra sight

Marshall is home to the Fauquier Heritage Society, as well as the One Room School House PS17 which was the last one-room schoolhouse in Fauquier County to close in the 1960s. It has been renovated and school groups often visit.

canon powershot sd 790 bid

The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page.

To comply with Wikipedia’s quality standards, this article may need to be rewritten. Please help improve this article. The discussion page may contain suggestions.

This article or section is incomplete and may require expansion and/or cleanup. Please improve the article, or discuss the issue on the talk page.

Cross-country skiing (skating style) in Einsiedeln, Switzerland.

A ski jumper utilising the V-style near Calgary, Canada.

Snow skiing is a group of sports utilizing skis as primary equipment. Skis are used in conjunction with boots that connect to the ski with use of a binding. Although snowboarding shares the general characteristics of skiing sports, it evolved from surfing and skateboarding and so is not considered a type of skiing.

Skiing can be grouped into two general categories. Nordic skiing is the oldest category and includes sport that evolved from skiing as done in Scandinavia. Nordic style bindings attach at the toes of the skier’s boots, but not at the heels. Alpine skiing includes sports that evolved from skiing as done in the Alps. Alpine bindings attach at both the toe and the heel of the skier’s boots. As with many disciplines, such as Telemark skiing, there is some crossover. However, binding style and history tend to dictate whether a style is considered Nordic or Alpine. Thus, in view of its lack of a locking heel, and its roots in Telemark, Norway, Telemark is generally considered a Nordic discipline.

History

Main article: History of skiing

A Sami skier as seen by Olaus Magnus

Pre-historic Nordic People invented skiing to assist hunting, military technique, and as a practical transportation for the Nordic people and the Samis. The oldest and most accurately documented evidence of skiing origins is found in modern day Norway and Sweden. The earliest primitive carvings circa 5000 B.C. depicts a skier with one pole, located in Rødøy, an island located in the Nordland region of Norway. The first primitive ski was found in a peat bog in Hoting, Sweden which dates back to 2500 or 4500 B.C. . Joel Berglund reported in 2004 the discovery of a primitive ski, or “85cm long piece of wood”, carbon tested by researchers in 1997 while excavating a Norse settlement located near Nanortalik, Greenland. The primitive ski dated back to 1010, and is thought to be Greenland’s oldest ski brought by Norsemen circa 980 A.D.

Other accounts of early Nordic skiing are found with two modern cross-country endurance races in Norway and Sweden. These ski races were inspired by famous historical accounts of early medieval skiing in their respective countries. The oldest account involves the famous story from 1206 A.D. of the Birkebeiners during a civil war in medieval Norway. Considered the underdog, the Birkebeiners were at war against a rival faction known as the baglers. Following the death of the Birkenbeiner chief, the baglers feared a rival in his young son Haakon Haakonsson. In order to protect him, two of the most skillful Birkenbeiner skiers, with toddler in tow, skied through treacherous conditions over the mountains to safety in Lillehammer. Since 1932, Norway’s annual Birkebeinerrennet, runs a 54 km cross-country ski race which pays tribute to this historical account. Since 1922, Sweden has run their own ski marathon known as the Vasaloppet. With its longest race at 90 km, and finishing in Mora,Sweden, it is known as the world’s longest cross-country ski race. This endurance race commemorates the memory of “freedom fighter” Gustav Vasa and subsequently Swedish independence. Pursued by the Danes in 1520 A.D. (under order from King Christian of Denmark who controlled Sweden at the time), Gustav Vasa attempted to raise an army against the Danes, but was forced to flee by skis north west towards Norway. Tracked down by Mora’s two best skiers, Gustav returned with them to Mora and lead an uprising which eventually overthrew Danish rule.

Skiing is also recorded in early literature. Icelandic saga author (circa 1200) Snorre Sturlason wrote of Ull “God of Skiing” and Skade “Goddess of Skiing and Hunting” in Norse mythology. One of the world’s oldest references to skiing is by Egil Skallagrimsson’s “950 AD saga describing King Haakon Adalsteinsfostre the Good’s practice of sending his tax collectors out on skis”. Another one of the oldest written accounts of skiing, is by Swedish writer Olaus Magnus in his writings A Description of the Northern Peoples in the year 1555. His accounts record early primitive skiers (presumably the Sami People) and their “climbing skins” in Scricfinnia, a country or region at the top of modern day Norway. Sometime around 1800 A.D. Danish traveler Father Knut Leed made reference in Geographie to Norwegian kids “skiing just for the fun of it, being able to pick up a hat dropped on the slope while going at full speed.” The word “ski” itself is one of a handful of words Norway has exported to the international community. It comes from the Old Norse word “skio” which means split piece of wood or firewood. Previously, English speakers considered skiing to be a type of snowshoeing. In regions where loose snow dominates, the indigenous population developed snowshoes that did not slide across the snow, rather than skis which do. Today’s forms of skiing are the modern extensions of ancient Nordic skiing. Whether it be the Nordic forms of Cross-country skiing (a form of Telemark skiing) and Telemark skiing, Ski mountaineering or Alpine skiing, modern forms of skiing share common threads of origin from the Telemark region in Norway led by Norwegian ski innovator Sondre Norheim.

Norwegian Sondre Norheim is known as the “father of modern skiing” (meaning the originator of skiing as recreation and sport). From the Telemark district of Morgedal, Norway, which is also known as the “cradle of skiing”, Norheim created the design templates from which all forms of modern skiing are derived. In 1850, woodcarvers from the Telemark region introduced lighter, thinner, cambered skis. These developments were accompanied by Norheim’s creation of stiff bindings by fully securing the heel with a strong yet flexible strap made from birch roots. This new binding system enabled the skier to swing, jump and maneuver turns while skiing down hills. These were known as “Osier” bindings. Morten Lund writes, in his piece outlining the development of Alpine skiing, that “Telemark skiing marked the transition to dynamic control, changing the angle of the ski bottom on the snow and changing the direction of the ski to the line of descent—the basis of technique even today”, thus the necessity for Norheim’s heel binding invention. And as a result, came the “flowering of the world’s first “freestyle” contests—climbing, running, making turns for the heck of it and flying off natural bumps on unprepared snow.”

In 1868, along with a couple of fellow skiers, Norheim attended the “second annual Centralforeningen (Central Ski Association) open ski competition whose object was to demonstrate skill at descending a particular slope in the city.” At the competition, Norheim demonstrated groundbreaking techniques which set the ideal benchmarks for skiing in Norway and the European Continent: the arc like sweep of “telemark turn” along with the skidded “stem” stop turn (or commonly known as the “parallel” stop turn), which was initially known as the “Christiania” turn (original name for modern day Oslo). The “Christiania” came to be known simply as the “Christi” turn with the formalization of ski rules in 1901. Both turns, which originated in Telemark, mark the distinction between Telemark and Alpine skiing.

Then in 1870, Norheim introduced his adaptive design of the Telemark or “narrow-waisted” ski - “the forerunner of the sidecuts used on skis today.” Skis were narrowed, shortened and sides curved inwards. These refinements greatly facilitated easier ski turns and set “the standard for ski design over the next century.” By the 1880s, as demand for Norwegian skis increased, changes led to the development of the first laminated skis which began to appear in 1881. These new fangled “hand-crafted” skis were constructed “with an ash sole and pine top” and first exported to Sweden in 1882. Also in 1882, the first hickory skis appeared in Norway providing for a thinner more flexible ski. Ski development was continued by Norwegian H.M. Christiansen who constructed the first two-layer laminated ski in 1893, followed by fellow Norwegian Bjørn Ullevoldsaeter’s patented three-layer laminated ski. (Incidentally, this style was also independently developed by George Aaland in Seattle.)

Collectively, these innovative designs and techniques laid the foundation for all forms of modern skiing and further developments, including one established form of skiing called Slalom by Norheim and his contemporaries in the Telemark region. Slalom, or “slalåm” in Norwegian dialect, is a Norwegian word originating from Morgedal, Norway. “Sla” refers to slope, hill, or smooth surface while “låm” means “track down the slope”.

The skiing techniques of 19th century Morgedal known as Telemark skiing or “telemarking” underwent a revival in the 1970s. This revival of Telemark skiing has been attributed by author Halvor Kleppen to five American skiers from Colorado: Doug Buzzell, Craig Hall, Greg Dalbey, Jack Marcial and Rick Borkovec, who were collectively inspired by Norwegian ski phenomenon and Olympic champion Stein Ericksen and his book Come Ski With Me.

Whereas Sondre Norheim had initially invented secure heeled bindings using water-soaked, flexible birch roots, the next significant development of binding came in 1894 from Fritz Huitfeldt who invented a binding with a secure toe iron which allowed the heel to move freely. This became the standard industry binding through the 1930s.

Retired Austrian school teacher Mathias Zdarsky, like many others at the time (including famed Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen who became the first man to “ski” to the South Pole in 1911), was intrigued by world-renowned Norwegian explorer and Telemark skier Fridtjof Nansen, and his “high-risk expedition” accounts, in the 1890 German translation of Nansen’s book On Skis Across Greenland. Inspired by Nansen’s skiing exploits, Zdarsky took up the sport during his retirement by importing Norwegian skis and teaching himself to ski. Incorporating ski techniques from Norway, he developed a ski technique system, known as the “Lilienfeld Method”, which he outlined in his 1896 book Lillienfeld Skilaufer Technik (originally published as Lilienfelder Ski lauf-Technik). His key development, which led to enthusiastic embrace of skiing in the Alps, was the “stem” technique, or what is commonly known is skiing as the “snowplow” technique. This new technique enabled beginners to experience the slopes in a “slow, and controlled manner”, beyond the more sophisticated and complicated Norwegian Telemark and Christiania techniques, which limited the slopes to more advanced and skillful skiers. By 1896, he was teaching his new methods to large groups of “stem skiers” in Austria.

In 1908, expanding on the developments of this fellow countryman Zdarsky, a young Austrian ski guide by the name of Johannes Schneider entered the scene. With respect to skiing, Johannes (also known as Hannes) is to Austrians as Sondre Norheim and Fridtjof Nansen is to Norwegians. By the 1920s, he had worked to refine Sondre Norheim’s “Christiania” stem christi turn, along with fellow countryman Mathias Zdarsky’s “stem” or “snowplow” technique. He used these Norwegian and Austrian techniques to develop a logical system of ski instruction, a system which began with the easiest snowplow technique, then progressing through to more difficult ski skills. This system formed the basis for Schneider’s formalized Arlberg technique, which is named for his home region, and subsequently set a foundation for professional ski instruction. This system also incorporated a set of ethical standards to the profession of teaching. With this, the Arlberg technique spread and helped make skiing a popular recreational activity.

The biomechanical principles of alpine skiing were described in 1985 by Georg Kassat, professor at Münster University

Types of skiing

Many different types of skiing are popular, especially in colder climates, and many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Ski Federation (FIS), and other sporting organizations, such as the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association in America. Skiing is most visible to the public during the Winter Olympic Games where it is a major sport.

In skiing’s traditional core regions in the snowy parts of Scandinavia, as well as in places such as Alaska, both recreational and competitive skiing is as likely to refer to the cross-country variants as to the internationally downhill variants.

Alpine skier carving a turn on piste

Alpine skier racing

Champion dry slope racer

Skiing techniques are difficult to master, and accordingly there are ski schools that teach everything from the basics of turning and stopping safely to more advanced carving, racing, mogul or “bump” skiing and newer freestyle techniques. There are two primary types of downhill skiing — “telemark” and “alpine.”

For beginning skiers learning under a trained instructor, skiing speeds are low, the terrain is not steep and is often well-manicured, and the risks are relatively low. For extreme skiers, testing their expert abilities against ever more challenging terrain, the risks may be much higher.

Alpine skiing: The term “skiing” commonly refers to alpine skiing where one visits a ski resort, purchases a lift ticket, dons cold-weather clothing, skis, ski boots and often ski poles, and embarks on a chairlift, gondola lift, or other means of mechanical uphill transport. Upon reaching the summit, the skier disembarks from the ski lift and travels downhill, propelled by gravity, usually along a marked route known as a piste, “run,” “trail,” or “slope”. Most ski resorts use mechanical equipment to “groom,” or pack down and smooth, the snow surface on certain ski trails.

Alpine skiing developed in the Alps beginning in 1889. In Winterthur, Switzerland, Odd Kjelsberg may have been the first person in the Alps to try skiing. Previous to this time, the predominate Alpine winter sport had been tobogganing.

Alpine Freestyle: This kind of skiing could be called acrobatics on skis. Alpine freestyle was pioneered by Stein Eriksen in 1962. It developed in the 1970s into a style called Hotdogging. More recently Alpine freestyle has evolved into the current style called Jib skiing or freestyle skiing, a new style of skiing that started in the late 1990s. In this type of skiing, skiers use jumps also called kickers,or rails to do urban style aerial tricks.

Back Country Skiing: Also called Nordic touring. In the Alps where skiers can easily ski from area to area, Randonée and backcountry skiing are indistinguishable. In North America however, where chairlifts either aren’t allowed or are impractical for touring, skiers typically use Nordic style equipment which is more suitable for skiing up-hill. The heels of the bindings always remain free, unlike Randoneé bindings which can be locked down.

Cross-Country Racing: Cross-country skiing takes its name from a type of ski race that is one third up, one third down, and one third flat. The name distinguishes it from other types of ski races and competition such as downhill racing, slalom racing, and Nordic jumping. Cross-country races can be either freestyle or classic. In freestyle racing, any technique is allowed as long as it is human powered and on skis. In a classic race, skating techniques are prohibited.

Kite skiing and para-skiing Skiing done while being pulled or carried by a parasail, hangglider, or kite.

Skiing on artificial ski slopes Dry slope skiing is a year-round sport in countries like the UK where the snow cover is insufficient for traditional skiing. There is a thriving race programme on British slopes.

Military Skiing: In addition to its role in recreation and sport, skiing is also used as a means of transport by the military, and many armies train troops for ski warfare. Ski troops played a key role in retaining Finnish independence from Russia during the Winter War, and from Germany during the Lapland War, although the use of ski troops was recorded by the Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus in the 13th century. The sport of Biathlon was developed from military skiing patrols.

Nordic Jumping: Also called ski-flying and ski jumping. A competition in which skiers slide down a ramp called a jump and attempt to go the furthest before landing on the ground. This is done with Nordic style skis, meaning that the heels of boot and binding are detached from the ski. The skis are much longer and wider than other types of skis and jumping is typically done without ski-poles.

Nordic Skiing: Also called Cross-country skiing. World wide, Nordic skiing may be the most popular form of skiing since it does not require a specially ski area. Typically after donning appropriate clothing, the skier goes outside and skis in a local park or even on a snowy street. Nordic skiing is the oldest form of skiing and was developed in Scandinavia as a way of traveling in the winter.

Emergency medical technicians evacuating an injured skier from a ski area

Randonnée Skiing: Randonnée is also called off-piste, ski mountaineering, and Alpine touring.

Randonnée skiing includes skiing in unmarked or unpatrolled areas either within the ski resort’s boundaries or in the backcountry, frequently amongst trees (”glade skiing”), usually in pursuit of fresh fallen snow, known as powder.

Randonnée skiers typically use Alpine style skis and boots but with bindings that can be released at the heel for easier movement on flat and uphill terrain. For traveling up-hill randonnée skiers often use skins, strips of fabric temporarily glued to the bottoms of the skis.

Skiing or snowboarding outside a ski resort’s boundaries, is known as off-piste skiing. In most countries where skiing is popular - France, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Canada- this is permitted. While in the United States, off-piste skiing is not permitted at some resorts, in Iran, off-piste skiing is not permitted at any resorts. Regulations vary by ski area; many ski resorts prohibit it outright and some simply post warning signs that skiers are leaving the patrolled ski area boundaries.

Legal off-piste snowboarding

In all regions, randonnée skiing is perfectly legal, provided the skier has not skied from a designated ski area after buying a ticket. Some areas do allow departure from the ski area while on skis, others do not. Normally, skiing out of bounds results in loss of the lift ticket and banishment from the ski area. On the other hand, skiing in a closed area is illegal and likely to land a skier in jail. In Europe and Canada randonnée skiing and skiing out of bounds as well as off-piste skiing and departing from/returning to ski areas is generally allowed.

However, lost or overdue backcountry travellers are usually held responsible for the cost of search-and-rescue service if uninsured. Backcountry skiers traveling in steep terrain prone to avalanches are encouraged to take avalanche training, travel with other experienced people, and carry special equipment for self-rescue. It is recommended that skiers make the local ski patrol aware of where they are going if they stray off-piste in case of avalanches or bad weather that could put skiers in danger.

Ski jøring Ski jøring, also called Euro-style mushing, is skiing while being pulled by an animal(s), typically dogs or horses, or by snowmachine.

Telemark Skiing: Telemark skiers use flexible ski boots, either leather or plastic, and do not have their heels locked to the skis. Alpine skiers use stiffer plastic, non-flexible boots and have their heels locked to the skis with releaseable bindings.

The venue, speed and technical difficulty associated with the sport can lead to collisions, accidents, hypothermia and other injury or illness, occasionally including death. Regional Ski Patrol organizations, such as the National Ski Patrol in the U.S., exist as a voluntary organization to provide guidance, help, medical assistance and emergency rescue to those in need of it.

Skiing Competition

Skiing competition is organized by the International Ski Federation, which is responsible for development of rules and scheduling of competitions worldwide in alpine skiing, cross country skiing, freestyle skiing, Nordic combined and ski jumping. Competition is managed in each country by its national association. The U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association is responsible for competitive skiing in America.

Skiing for people with disabilities

Snowbird ski resort

Skiing for people with disabilities became popular after World War II with the return of injured veterans. It is both a recreational pastime and a competitive sport open to those with any manner of cognitive and/or physical disabilities. Adaptations include the use of outriggers, ski tip retention devices, sit-skis like monoskis and bi-skis, brightly colored guide bibs, ski guides, and inter-skier communication systems or audible clues for blind skiers.

Recreational skiing programs for people with disabilities exist at mountains across the globe. In the northeastern United States, Maine Handicapped Skiing is one of the largest, operating at Sunday River ski resort. Other New England resorts with adaptive skiing programs include: Loon Mountain, Waterville Valley,Bretton Woods, and Mount Sunapee. In the western part of the United States, the National Sports Center for the Disabled at Winter Park Resort near Denver, Colorado attracts both first-timers and world-class disabled athletes from Europe, Asia, and North America. Snowmass Mountain near Aspen, Colorado also hosts the Challege Aspen program for Diabled people and hosts a disabled veteran week each year during the last week of March.

Currently the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and the International Ski Federation (FIS) sanction a number of regional, national, and international disabled skiing events, most notably a World Cup circuit, a Disabled Alpine Skiing World Championships, and the Paralympic Winter Games. One of the strongest disabled programs is the U.S. Disabled Ski Team, organized by the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association and the U.S. Ski Team.

Ski videos and movies

Main article: Skiing and snowboarding on film and video

Skiing and snowboarding video and movies as a genre, emerged with such classics as Otto Lang (film producer) Ski Flight, Greg Stump (director), Warren Miller and Dirk Collins.

Related sports

• Grass skiing
• Snowboarding
• Snowshoe walking
• Sports
• Water skiing
• Winter sport

See also

100 Years of Skiing commemorative coin

• List of skiing topics
• Skiing is so popular in today’s life, that it has been the main motif for many collectors’ coins and medals. One of the most recent one is the Austrian 5 euro 100 Years of Skiing commemorative coin, minted in January 26, 2005. The design shows a snow crystal symbolizing winter sport with a downhill skier racing through the crystal.

References

1. ^ Chronology timeline, North American ski mountaineering backcountry skiing
2. ^ Aspenhistory.Org
3. ^ IOL: Wiping the snow off Greenland’s oldest ski
4. ^ Birkebeiner.no
5. ^ Birkebeiner.no
6. ^ Vasaloppet.se > Vasaloppet bakåt i tiden
7. ^ Aspenhistory.Org
8. ^ Description of Scricfinnia, Olaus Magnus, early backcountry skiing
9. ^ The Northern Lights Route - Olaus Magnus
10. ^ Skiing Heritage - Alpine History
11. ^ The cradle of skiing (Norway - the official site in the United States)
12. ^ Skiing and the Creation of a Norwegian Identity (Norway - the official site in the United States)
13. ^ Skiing Heritage - Alpine History
14. ^ Sondre in the History of Skiing
15. ^ Ski History Dates
16. ^ Skiing Heritage - Alpine History
17. ^ Skiing pioneer featured in new book (Norway - the official site in the United States)
18. ^ Aspenhistory.Org
19. ^ Skiing Heritage - Alpine History
20. ^ Skiing Heritage - Alpine History
21. ^ Skiing Heritage - Alpine History
22. ^ Ski History Dates
23. ^ Skis - Bindings - Telemark Turn - Christiania Turn - Slalom
24. ^ Skiing Heritage - Alpine History
25. ^ Sondre in the History of Skiing
26. ^ Skiing Heritage - Alpine History
27. ^ Skiing Heritage - Alpine History
28. ^ Skiing Heritage - Alpine History
29. ^ Ski History Dates
30. ^ Aspenhistory.Org
31. ^ The cradle of skiing (Norway - the official site in the United States)
32. ^ Ski History Dates
33. ^ Aspenhistory.Org
34. ^ The cradle of skiing (Norway - the official site in the United States)
35. ^ Alpenglow Ski History - Halvor Kleppen - Telemark Skiing, Norway’s Gift to the World
36. ^ Skiing pioneer featured in new book (Norway - the official site in the United States)
37. ^ Chronology timeline, North American ski mountaineering backcountry skiing
38. ^ Aspenhistory.Org
39. ^ Ski History Dates
40. ^ Aspenhistory.Org
41. ^ Skiing Heritage - Alpine History
42. ^ Aspenhistory.Org
43. ^ Aspenhistory.Org
44. ^ Skiing Heritage - Alpine History
45. ^ Ski History Dates
46. ^ Chronology timeline, North American ski mountaineering backcountry skiing
47. ^ Aspenhistory.Org
48. ^ Skiing Heritage - Alpine History
49. ^ Aspenhistory.Org
50. ^ Skiing Heritage - Alpine History
51. ^ Ski History Dates
52. ^ Chronology timeline, North American ski mountaineering backcountry skiing
53. ^ Skiing Heritage - Alpine History
54. ^ Ski History Dates
55. ^ Taylor, Derek. “Xspeak: Skiing”. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved on 2007-04-12.

nanette lepore day tripper jacket

Location of Stará ?ubov?a District in the Prešov Region.

Jakubany is a village and municipality in Stará ?ubov?a District in the Prešov Region of northern Slovakia.

History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1322.

Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 610 metres and covers an area of 16.748 km². It has a population of about 2488 people.

mx-25 regular graphite