Marknesse () is a village in the Dutch province of Flevoland. It is a part of the municipality of Noordoostpolder, and lies about 7,5 km east of Emmeloord.
In 2001, Marknesse had 2799 inhabitants. The built-up area of the village was 0.88 km², and contained 1123 residences.
| Walther Bothe | |
 Walther Bothe |
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| Born | January 8, 1891 Oranienburg, Germany |
|---|---|
| Died | February 8, 1957 Heidelberg, Germany |
| Nationality | Germany |
| Fields | Physics, mathematics, chemistry |
| Institutions | University of Berlin University of Giessen University of Heidelberg Max Planck Institute for Medical Research |
| Alma mater | University of Berlin |
| Doctoral advisor | Max Planck |
| Doctoral students | Hans Ritter von Baeyer |
| Known for | Coincidence circuit |
| Notable awards | Nobel Prize for Physics (1954) Max Planck Medal (1953) |
Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe (8 January 1891 in Oranienburg – 8 February 1957 in Heidelberg) was a German nuclear physicist.
In 1913, he joined the newly created Laboratory for Radioactivity at the Reich Physical and Technical Institute (PTR), where he remained until 1930, the latter few years as the director of the laboratory. He served in the military during World War I from 1914, and he was a prisoner of war of the Russians, returning to Germany in 1920. Upon his return to the laboratory, he developed and applied coincidence methods to the study of nuclear reactions, the Compton effect, cosmic rays, and the wave-particle duality of radiation, for which he would receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954.
In 1930 he became a full professor and director of the physics department at the University of Giessen. In 1932, he became director of the Physical and Radiological Institute at the University of Heidelberg. He was driven out of this position by elements of the deutsche Physik movement. To preclude his emigration from Germany, he was appointed director of the Physics Institute of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research (KWImF) in Heidelberg. There, he built the first operational cyclotron in Germany. Furthermore, he became a principal in the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranium Club, which was started in 1939 under the supervision of the Army Ordnance Office.
In 1946, in addition to his directorship of the Physics Institute at the KWImf, he was reinstated as a professor at the University of Heidelberg. From 1956 to 1957, he was a member of the Nuclear Physics Working Group in Germany.
In the year after Bothe’s death, his Physics Institute at the KWImF was elevated to the status of a new institute under the Max Planck Society and it then became the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics.
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From 1908 to 1912, Bothe studied at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (today, the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). In 1913, he was Max Planck’s teaching assistant. He was awarded his doctorate, in 1914, under Planck.
In 1913, Bothe joined the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR, Reich Physical and Technical Institute; today, the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt), where he stayed until 1930. Hans Geiger had been appointed director of the new Laboratory for Radioactivity there in 1912. At the PTR, Both was an assistant to Geiger from 1913 to 1920, a scientific member of Geiger’s staff from 1920 to 1927, and from 1927 to 1930 he succeeded Geiger as director of the Laboratory for Radioactivity.
In May 1914, Bothe volunteered for service in the German cavalry. He was taken prisoner by the Russians and incarcerated in Russia for five years. While there, he learned the Russian language and worked on theoretical physics problems related to his doctoral studies. He returned to Germany in 1920, with a Russian bride.
Upon his return from Russia, Bothe continued his employment at the PTR under Hans Geiger in the Laboratory for Radioactivity there. In 1924, Bothe published on his coincidence method. Then and in the following years, he applied this method to the experimental study of the nuclear reactions, the Compton effect, and the wave-particle duality of light. Bothe’s coincidence method and his applications of it earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954.
In 1925, while still at the PTR, Bothe became a Privatdozent at the University of Berlin, which means that he had completed his Habilitation, and, in 1929, he became an ausserordentlicher Professor (extraordinarius professor) there.
In 1927, Bothe began the study of the transmutation of light elements through bombardment with alpha particles. From a joint investigation with H. Fränz and Heinz Pose in 1928, Bothe and Fränz correlated reaction products of nuclear interactions to nuclear energy levels.
In 1929, in collaboration with Werner Kolhörster and Bruno Rossi who were guests in Bothe’s laboratory at the PTR, Bothe began the study of cosmic rays. The study of cosmic radiation would be conducted by Bothe for the rest of his life.
In 1930, he became an ordentlicher Professor (ordinarius professor) and director of the physics department at the Justus Liebig-Universität Gießen. That year, working with H. Becker, Bothe bombarded beryllium, boron, and lithium with alpha particles from polonium and observed a new form of penetrating radiation. In 1932, James Chadwick identified this radiation as the neutron.
In 1932, Bothe had succeeded Philipp Lenard as Director of the Physikalische und Radiologische Institut (Physical and Radiological Institute) at the University of Heidelberg. It was then that Rudolf Fleischmann became a teaching assistant to Bothe. When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, the concept of Deutsche Physik took on more favor as well as fervor; deutsche Physik, was anti-Semitic and anti-theoretical physics, especially modern physics, including quantum mechanics and both atomic and nuclear physics. As applied in the university environment, political factors took priority over the historically applied concept of scholarly ability, even though its two most prominent supporters were the Nobel Laureates in Physics Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark. Supporters of deutsche Physik launched vicious attacks against leading theoretical physicists. While Lenard was retired from the University of Heidelberg, he still had significant influence there. In 1934, Lenard had managed to get Bothe relieved of his directorship of the Physical and Radiological Institute at the University of Heidelberg, whereupon Bothe was able to become the Director of the Institut für Physik (Institute for Physics) of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für medizinische Forschung (KWImF, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research; today, the Max-Planck Institut für medizinische Forschung), in Heidelberg, replacing Karl W. Hauser, who had recently died. Ludolf von Krehl, Director of the KWImF, and Max Planck, President of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft (KWG, Kaiser Wilhelm Society, today, the Max-Plank Gesellschaft), had offered the directorship to Bothe to ward off the possibility of his emigration. Bothe held the directorship of the Institute for Physics at the KWImF until his death in 1957. While at the KWImF, Bothe held an honorary professorship at the University of Heidelberg, which he held until 1946. Fleischmann went with Bothe and worked with him there until 1941. To his staff, Bothe recruited scientists including Wolfgang Gentner (1936 – 1945), Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (1936 - ?) - who had done his doctorate with the Nobel Laureate James Franck and was highly recommend by Robert Pohl and Georg Joos, and Arnold Flammersfeld (1939 – 1941). Also included on his staff were Peter Jensen and Erwin Fünfer.
In 1938, Bothe and Gentner published on the energy dependence of the nuclear photo-effect. This was the first clear evidence that nuclear absorption spectra are accumulative and continuous, an effect known as the dipolar giant nuclear resonance. This was explained theoretically a decade later by physicists J. Hans D. Jensen, Helmut Steinwedel, Peter Jensen, Michael Goldhaber, and Edward Teller.
Also in 1938, Maier-Leibnitz built a Wilson cloud chamber. Images from the cloud chamber were used by Bothe, Gentner, and Maier-Leibnitz to publish, in 1940, the Atlas of Typical Cloud Chamber Images, which became a standard reference for identifying scattered particles.
By the end of 1937, the rapid successes Bothe and Gentner had with the building and research uses of a Van de Graaf generator had led them to consider building a cyclotron. By November, a report had already been sent to the President of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft (KWG, Kaiser Wilhelm Society; today, the Max Planck Society), and Bothe began securing funds from the Helmholtz-Gesellschaft (Helmholtz Society; today, the Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft), the Badischen Kultusministerium (Baden Ministry of Culture), I.G. Farben, the KWG, and various other research oriented agencies. Initial promises led to ordering a magnet from Siemens in September 1938, however, further financing then became problematic. In these times, Gentner continued his research on the nuclear photoeffect, with the aid of the van de Graaf generator, which had been upgraded to produce energies just under 1 MeV. When his line of research was completed with the 7Li (p, gamma) and the 11B (p, gamma) reactions, and on the nuclear isomer 80Br, Gentner devoted his full effort to the building of the planned cyclotron.
In order to facilitate the construction of the cyclotron, at the end of 1938 and into 1939, with the help of a fellowship from the Helmholtz-Gesellschaft, Gentner was sent to Radiation Laboratory of the University of California (today, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) in Berkeley, California. As a result of the visit, Gentner formed a cooperative relationship with Emilio G. Segrè and Donald Cooksey.
After the armistice between France and Germany in the summer of 1940, Bothe and Gentner received orders to inspect the cyclotron Frédéric Joliot-Curie had built in Paris. While it had been built, it was not yet operational. In September 1940, Gentner received orders to form a group to put the cyclotron into operation. Hermann Dänzer from the University of Frankfurt participated in this effort. While in Paris, Gentner was able to free both Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Paul Langevin, who had been arrested and detained. At the end of the winter of 1941/1942, the cyclotron was operational with a 7-MeV beam of deuterons. Uranium and thorium were irradiated with the beam, and the byproducts were sent to Otto Hahn at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Chemie (KWIC, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, today, the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry), in Berlin. In mid-1942, Gentner’s successor in Paris, was Wolfgang Riezler from Bonn.
It was during 1941 that Bothe had acquired all the necessary funding to complete construction of the cyclotron. The magnet was delivered in March 1943, and the first beam of deuteron was emitted in December. The inauguration ceremony for the cyclotron was held on 2 June 1944. While there had been other cyclotrons under construction, Bothe’s was the first operational cyclotron in Germany.
The German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranverein (Uranium Club), began in the spring of 1939 under the auspices of the Reichsforschungsrat (RFR, Reich Research Council) of the Reichserziehungsministerium (REM, Reich Ministry of Education). By 1 September, the Heereswaffenamt (HWA, Army Ordnance Office) squeezed out the RFR and took over the effort. Under the control of the HWA, the Uranverein had its first meeting on 16 September. The meeting was organized by Kurt Diebner, advisor to the HWA, and held in Berlin. The invitees included Walther Bothe, Siegfried Flügge, Hans Geiger, Otto Hahn, Paul Harteck, Gerhard Hoffmann, Josef Mattauch, and Georg Stetter. A second meeting was held soon thereafter and included Klaus Clusius, Robert Döpel, Werner Heisenberg, and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. With Bothe being one of the principles, Wolfgang Gentner, Arnold Flammersfeld, Rudolf Fleischmann, Erwin Fünfer, and Peter Jensen were soon drawn into work for the Uranverein. Their research was published in the Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte (Research Reports in Nuclear Physics); see below the section Internal Reports. For the Uranverein, Bothe, and up to 6 members from his staff by 1942, worked on the experimental determination of atomic constants, the energy distribution of fission fragments, and nuclear cross sections. Bothe’s experimental results on the absorption of neutrons in graphite were central in the German decision to favor heavy water as a neutron moderator.
By late 1941 it was apparent that the nuclear energy project would not make a decisive contribution to ending the war effort in the near term. HWA control of the Uranverein was relinquished to the RFR in July 1942. The nuclear energy project thereafter maintained its kriegswichtig (important for the war) designation and funding continued from the military. However, the German nuclear power project was then broken down into the following main areas: uranium and heavy water production, uranium isotope separation, and the Uranmaschine (uranium machine, i.e., nuclear reactor). Also, the project was then essentially split up between nine institutes, where the directors dominated the research and set their own research agendas. Bothe’s Institut für Physik was one of the nine institutes. The other eight institutes or facilities were: the Institute for Physical Chemistry at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, the HWA Versuchsstelle (testing station) in Gottow, the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Chemie, the Physical Chemistry Department of the University of Hamburg, the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Physik, the Second Experimental Physics Institute at the Georg-August University of Göttingen, the Auergesellschaft, and the II. Physikalisches Institut at the University of Vienna.
From 1946, to 1957, in addition to his position at the KWImF, Both was an ordentlicher Professor (ordinarius professor) at the University of Heidelberg.
At the end of World War II, the Allies had seized the cyclotron at Heidelberg. In 1949, its control was returned to Bothe.
During 1956 and 1957, Bothe was a member of the Arbeitskreis Kernphysik (Nuclear Physics Working Group) of the Fachkommission II “Forschung und Nachwuchs” (Commission II “Research and Growth”) of the Deutschen Atomkommission (DAtK, German Atomic Energy Commission). Other members of the Nuclear Physics Working Group in both 1956 and 1957 were: Werner Heisenberg (chairman), Hans Kopfermann (vice-chairman), Fritz Bopp, Wolfgang Gentner, Otto Haxel, Willibald Jentschke, Heinz Maier-Liebnitz, Josef Mattauch, Wolfgang Riezler, Wilhelm Walcher, and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. Wolfgang Paul was also a member of the group during 1957.
At the end of 1957, Gentner was in negotiations with Otto Hahn, President of the Max-Planck Gesellschaft (MPG, Max Planck Society, successor of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft), and with the Senate of the MPG to establish a new institute under their auspices. Essentially, Walther Bothe’s Institut für Physik at the Max-Planck Institut für medizinische Forschung, in Heidelberg, was to be spun off to become a full fledged institute of the MPG. The decision to proceed was made in May 1958. Gentner was named the director of the Max-Planck Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics) on 1 October, and he also received the position as an ordentlicher Professor (ordinarius professor) at the University of Heidelberg. Bothe had not lived to see the final establishment of the MPIK, as he had died in February of that year.
Bothe was a German patriot who did not give excuses for his work with the Uranverein. However, Bothe’s impatience with National Socialists policies in Germany brought him under suspicion and investigation by the Gestapo.
As a result of his incarceration in Russia during World War I as a prisoner of war, he met Barbara Below, whom he married in 1920. They had two children. She preceded him in death by some years.
Bothe was an accomplished painter and musician; he played the piano.
Bothe was awarded a number of honors:
The following reports were published in Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte (Research Reports in Nuclear Physics), an internal publication of the German Uranverein. The reports were classified Top Secret, they had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies. The reports were confiscated under the Allied Operation Alsos and sent to the United States Atomic Energy Commission for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and the American Institute of Physics.
| Tagliolo Monferrato | |
|---|---|
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Location of Tagliolo Monferrato in Italy |
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| Country |  Italy |
| Region | Piedmont |
| Province | Province of Alessandria (AL) |
| Elevation | 315 m (1,033 ft) |
| Area | 25.9 km² (10 sq mi) |
| Population (as of Dec. 2004) | |
| - Total | 1,499 |
| - Density | 58/km² (150/sq mi) |
| Time zone | CET, UTC+1 |
| Coordinates | |
| Gentilic | tagliolesi |
| Dialing code | 0143 |
| Postal code | 15070 |
| Frazioni | Cherli, Grossi, Varo, Pessino, Caraffa, Mongiardino |
Tagliolo Monferrato is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 90 km southeast of Turin and about 30 km south of Alessandria. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,499 and an area of 25.9 km².
The municipality of Tagliolo Monferrato contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Cherli, Grossi, Varo, Pessino, Caraffa, and Mongiardino.
Tagliolo Monferrato borders the following municipalities: Belforte Monferrato, Bosio, Casaleggio Boiro, Lerma, Ovada, Rossiglione, and Silvano d’Orba.
| Arnold Hill Comprehensive School | |
| Location | |
|---|---|
| Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom | |
| Information | |
| Type | State school |
| Established | 1959/1974 |
| Headteacher | Robin Fugill |
| Campus | Nottingham |
| Colour(s) | Green |
| Website | http://www.arnoldhillschool.co.uk/website/ |
Arnold Hill Comprehensive School is a mixed state school in the county of Nottinghamshire in the East Midlands. It teaches children from 11 to 18 - Years 7-13. It is located in Arnold but it serves children from various nearby areas including Killisick, Daybrook, Woodthorpe, Mapperley and Sherwood. It is split into two sites (”Main School” and “Lower School”) and has 1700 pupils and 300 teachers - one of the largest comprehensive schools in Nottinghamshire.
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The original designation was the Arnold County High School, which opened in 1959 as a grammar school, with the first influx of second and third year pupils from Bramcote Hills Grammar School and Eastwood Park Technical School. Pupils came from about a ten mile (16 km) radius and at that time, the county was in an extensive school building programme, to cope with the post-war baby boom. The lack of university places also limited the number of pupils able to progress to a university education so GCE pass marks were set very high, ensuring that only the academically gifted gained university places. An understandable but rather unfair application of examination pass criteria.
Initially, on the 45-acre (180,000 m2) site, there was a lower school for first and second year pupils, the first batch of 120 third year pupils moved straight into the middle school, which consisted of 6 classrooms, six large house rooms, used for dining and house activities, and between them, three kitchens. School dinners were surprisingly good and the three kitchen concept worked well.
A large “Dutch barn” meant a covered ‘all weather playground’ and served as a viable sports area for netball when the weather was bad. The initial installation of a system of gymnasium equipment consisting of scaffold like vertical poles that screwed into the floor, then had horizontal poles and sundry other equipment clipped to it was an unmitigated disaster, as screwing several poles into plates in the solid floor, and plates on runners in the ceiling, merely lifted the roof and so the poles attached immediately prior, fell out! Plasterboard interior walls didn’t fare any better, with holes appearing almost from day one from accidents involving elbows or medicine balls.
Early PE teachers as they were known, soon established the school as one with strong sporting credentials, yet allowed those of a lesser physical stature, not suited to rugby for example, to develop an interest in badminton.
The first headmaster was Dr J H Higginson, a career educator, rather than just another head teacher, who wrote a fascinating book on the establishment of the school, entitled A School Is Born, (ISBN 0 86332 199 2 - published 1987) which covered many aspect of what was quite an advanced school for its day. The first deputy head was W T N Thompson. Several of the younger initial teaching staff remained for many years.
The school operated a very strong house system where the ‘names’ were then living international identities - clockwise around the three sided middle school, these were:
Gladys Aylward, Ryder-Cheshire (Leonard Cheshire and Sue Ryder), Pandit - Anton Makarenko, Eleanor Roosevelt and Albert Schweitzer,
The school was officially opened by Vijaya Laksmi Pandit, High Commissioner for India, December 18 1959, and there was a constant stream of visitors to the school, who unusually for the day, had to lunch with the pupils. There was no separate staff dining facility so teachers who dined in, also had to eat with the pupils, which in those more formal days, often made for stilted conversation at the lunch table!
Pupils were encouraged to forge links with the countries represented by those houses and several made long term friendships that survive to this day. For many however, the world was a vast place in the late 1950s, with overseas travel only for the rich, and they did not foresee the rapid growth in low cost air travel, internet communications etc. that is now taken for granted.
A totally new school was built in the mid 1960s on the same site. In 1974, the separate schools occupying these premises were amalgamated to form Arnold Hill Comprehensive School.
In September 2004 the school was forced to close for several months when a large fire destroyed 16 of the recently refurbished classrooms in the Lower School building. The school quickly allowed sixth form students and GCSE pupils (Years 10 & 11) to return, but the reduced number of classrooms - smoke and structural damage meant that the entire Lower School building was uninhabitable, except the reception and hall area - prevented pupils from years 7, 8 & 9 from returning for several weeks. Their return was delayed and rescheduled several times because of delays in the construction of the Portakabins, but eventually they were returned to school. The large array of Portakabin buildings were known officially as “The Village”.
“The Village” (known informally as “the Portakabins”) was home to the English and Humanities Departments and also Lower School Resources (Library, IT Suite) during the rebuild of lower school following the fire and provided comfortable accommodation with air conditioning, and IT ports in every room. The “Village” was last used by pupils on Tuesday 4 April 2006, after which date the Humanities, and English departments began the move to the newly re-built Lower School ready to begin classes after the Easter Break on 24 April 2006. To accommodate this move pupils in years 7, 8 & 10 began their Easter Holiday early, with the Tuesday being their last day in school, the holiday was also extended the other side of Easter with pupils in these years returning on Wednesday 26 April 2006. Years 9 and 11 remained in school for the normal period due to the proximity of SATs and GCSE exams.
On November 6, 2007, a stripper performed at the school for a student’s birthday. According to The Daily Telegraph, the student’s mother hired the stripper as a birthday gift for her 16 year old son as a mistake, intending to order a man in a gorilla suit. The stripper undressed to her undergarments before being asked to stop by a faculty member. A spokeswoman has said “There was an incident, we are aware of it, and it is being dealt with.”
| Crystal Carson | |
|---|---|
 Photo by Michael Wallis. |
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| Born | June 24, 1967 Spalding, Nebraska, United States |
| Years active | 1986 - present |
| Official website | |
Crystal Carson (born on June 24, 1967) is an American acting coach and former actress.
Among her television credits are a contract role as Julia Barrett on the ABC soap opera General Hospital (1991-1993; 1997; 1998). Her character Julia was a successful businesswoman and older sister to troubled teen Brenda (then played by Vanessa Marcil).
She was also cast as Trish in the 1985 B-movie horror film The Zero Boys and as Denise, a bridesmaid in the 1987 Madonna film Who’s That Girl.
Crystal has been teaching and coaching professionally in Los Angeles for the last 16 years. Prior to that, she worked as an actress in 25 theatre repertory and summer stock companies; in several films including Who’s That Girl with Madonna, starring in the cult spoof film, Killer Tomatoes Strike Back with John Astin, the lead actress in the suspense drama Eclipse, the female lead in the action-packed Cartel, the girl of the sweet boy meets girl story, Fade Away opposite Noah Blake, and Blue Star in the video game Blue Star with Lamont Bentley, among others.
In television, Crystal appeared for 3 weeks on the award-winning episodic JAG, 6 weeks on the mega-hit Dallas, and had guest starring roles on Ellen, Charles in Charge, and Midnight Caller, Cheers, Thirtysomething, Simon & Simon and Night Court, to name a few.
As for the above mentioned role of “Julia Barrett” that Crystal portrayed on General Hospital, it was responsible for her being voted “Best New Female” by Soap Opera Digest and put on their cover as one of “Television’s Most Beautiful Women”, and then nominated for “Best Female Newcomer” on the Soap Opera Digest Awards in 1992.
More recently, Crystal has committed to pursuing a full time career as an acting coach. Crystal was employed by FOX-TV (2004-05) as the on-set coach for a full season of the crime procedural, The Inside, where she focused primarily on lead actress Rachel Nichols. Currently, she guest teaches at the Margie Haber Studios, where she has employed for 16 years, she conducts seminars at The University of Nebraska, and continues to coach privately.
Her clients, over 30 working actors, have included Paula Abdul, Jennifer Beals (L Word), David Boreanaz (Bones), Brittany Daniel (Joe Dirt, White Chicks, The Game), RonReaco Lee (Guess Who, Committed), Vanessa Marcil (Las Vegas), Rachel Nichols (Alias, Amityville Horror, Them), Tricia Helfer (Battlestar Galactica, Memorie), Atossa Leoni (Kite Runner), Natassia Malthe (The Other Side of the Tracks, Fallen, DOA: Dead or Alive), Ross Patterson (The New Guy, American Pie, House of the Dead 2, The Darwin Awards) and Brian White (The Shield, Mr. 3000, Stomp the Yard), to name just a few.
Zhao Cangbi (Chinese: ???; Pinyin: Zhào C?ngbì; 1916-1993) was a Chinese official, Minister of Public Security.
Zhao was born in Qingjian County, Shaanxi in 1916. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1935.
After the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, Zhao worked in the police system. From 1977 to 1983, he was the Minister of Public Security.
He was the member of the 11th CPC Central Committee from 1977 to 1982.
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Ongaro is an Italian surname meaning Hungarian, and may refer to:
 |
This page or section lists people with the surname Ongaro. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person’s given name(s) to their surname. |
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongaro”
Categories: Surnames | Italian surnamesHidden categories: All disambiguation pages | All article disambiguation pages
| Värmdö kommun | |
|---|---|
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| County | Stockholm County |
| Province | Uppland and Södermanland |
| Seat | Gustavsberg |
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| Area • Total area • Land area |
196th of 290 451.31 km² 442.96 km² |
| Population • Total |
68th of 290 35,803 inhabitants |
| Density • Total |
64th of 290 80.8 inhabitants/km² |
| Municipal code | 0120 |
| Website | http://www.varmdo.se/ |
| Area & population from SCB as of December 31, 2006 | |
Värmdö Municipality (Värmdö kommun) is a municipality in Stockholm County in east central Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Gustavsberg, with a population of 9,682 (2005), situated on the main island at an elevation of 37 m.
The municipality is named after the main island Värmdön, 180 km2 in size.
The municipality in its present form was created in 1974, when “old” Värmdö was amalgamated with Gustavsberg (which had been detached from it in 1902) and Djurö.
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The municipality consists of 10,000 islands, all part of Stockholm archipelago. The largest of the islands are Värmdön, Svartsö, Möja, Runmarö, Sandhamn and Nämdö. Gustavsberg is the main town, and there are also several villages and suburbs spread out such as Djurhamn, Stavsnäs, Mörtnäs, Hemmesta, Brunn, Strömma and Sandhamn.
The name Värmdö can be traced to 1314, but it is not clear what it means. (It is likely that it comes from the word värmd, a small hot spring in the ocean which causes holes in the ice in winter, and which there are several of in the area.) The area has however been inhabited longer than that, probably from the Stone Age wherefrom remains are found. The people lived on fishing and the hunting of seals and sea birds.
After the introduction of steam boat lines around 1850, wealthy people in Stockholm started to build vacation houses around the stations. When today’s main roads were built in the 1930s, only the steam boats serving islands remained, and the expansion continued. With the municipal reform in the 1970s, Värmdö was created through a merger between six small municipalities and adopted the coat of arms of Gustavsberg, with two porcelain ovens.
Today, Värmdö is a rapidly expanding suburban area to Stockholm and also one of the most exclusive areas for vacation houses in Sweden.
The industry of the municipality was dominated by the porcelain factory in Gustavsberg, established in the 1820s. Around the year 1900, 1,000 people were employed there, making it one of the largest working places in Sweden.
During the summer the population of the municipality triples due to the large number of tourists and vacation houses.
Värmdö is more easily accessible by water than by land. The boat service, Waxholmsbolaget, offers numerous routes to various islands in the Värmdö archipelago. By land, the major road is the county road 222 - a motorway from Stockholm. It ends in the ferry harbour of Stavsnäs, one of the major connection points in the Stockholm archipelago.
The municipality has no rail connection, but is served by a number of bus routes operated by Storstockholms Lokaltrafik, SL. Most buses terminate in Stockholm at Slussen.
Some of the major bus lines to Värmdö include 422 from Nacka, 425, 433, 434, and 474 from Stockholm. Bus connections have improved significantly since the addition of several routes in 2005.
| The Last Guardian | |
 First edition cover |
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| Author | Jeff Grubb |
|---|---|
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Series | Warcraft Universe |
| Genre(s) | Fantasy novel |
| Publisher | Pocket Books |
| Publication date | December 1, 2001 |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Pages | 320 pp |
| ISBN | ISBN 0-671-04151-7 |
Warcraft: The Last Guardian is a novel by Jeff Grubb set in the Warcraft Universe. It is considered to be the third novel, despite the e-book Warcraft: Of Blood and Honor being released first.
The story of Warcraft: The Last Guardian is about Medivh, the last guardian of Azeroth, his new apprentice Khadgar, and Medivh’s fall from grace during the events of the First War.
| Long-billed Green Sunbird | ||||||||||||||
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| Conservation status | ||||||||||||||
 Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) |
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| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||||
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| Binomial name | ||||||||||||||
| Cinnyris notatus (Müller, 1776) |
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Nectarinia notata |
The Long-billed Green Sunbird (Cinnyris notatus) is a species of bird in the Nectariniidae family. It has been placed in the genus Nectarinia. It is found in Comoros, Madagascar, and Mayotte. The taxon moebii, by most authorities considered a subspecies of the Long-billed Green Sunbird, has occasionally been considered a separate species, the Comoro Green Sunbird (Cinnyris moebii). Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
