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Karen Hilton, MBE and Marcus Hilton, MBE are a British professional dance couple, noted for competing in the disciplines of Ballroom and Latin American dance winning world championships over a period of seventeen years. An outstanding couple who were World Professional Ballroom Champions nine times representing Great Britain. They are patrons of the International Dance Teachers Association.

Dance career

The Hiltons first competed together in amateur dance competitions in 1978, achieving Championship titles in the UK for Latin American dance. They also competed in international events, representing Great Britain. In 1980, they took part in the United Kingdom Open Championship, qualifying for the World Amateur Latin American Championships in West Germany. They represented England at the event, achieving 5th place. They later achieved Championship wins in the European and World Amateur 10 Dance Championships.

The Hiltons became a professional dance couple in 1983, winning their first professional title at the British Rising Star Championship. The couple were married in 1986 and continued to dance professionally whilst giving demonstrations, teaching, lecturing and judging. In June 1997, both Karen and Marcus were awarded Membership of the Order of the British Empire in the Queen’s Birthday Honours List. They competed professionally until their retirement in 1998, winning numerous Championship titles.

Titles and awards

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CAMP may stand for:

• Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
• Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide
• Campaign Against Marijuana Planting
• Central Atlantic Magmatic Province
• CAMP, an Italian manufacturer of climbing equipment.
• CAMP-phenomenon, a diagnostic method in microbiology, named after Christie, Atkins and Munch-Petersen

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Mussidae

Jump to: navigation, search

Mussidae
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Anthozoa Order: Scleractinia Family: Mussidae
Genera
Acanthastrea Blastomussa Cynaria Isophyllastrea Isophyllia Lobophyllia Mussa Mussismilia Mycetophyllia Scolymia Symphyllia

Mussidae is a family of Cnidaria that contains the genera Acanthastrea, Blastomussa, Cynaria, Isophyllastrea, Isophyllia, Lobophyllia, Mussa, Mussimilia, Mycetophyllia, Scolymia, and Symphyllia. Members of this family are widely sought after for the reef aquarium trade.

• Acanthastrea
  • Acanthastrea lordhowensis
  • Acanthastrea echinata
  • Acanthastrea rotundata

• Blastomussa
  • Blastomussa merleti

• Cynaria
  • Cynaria lacrymalis

• Lobophyllia
  • Lobophyllia corymbosa
  • Lobophyllia hataii
  • Lobophyllia hemprichii
  • Lobophyllia pachysepta

• Mussa
  • Mussa angulosa

• Mussismilia
  • Mussismilia braziliensis
  • Mussismilia harttii
  • Mussismilia hispida

• Mycetophyllia
  • Mycetophyllia aliciae
  • Mycetophyllia danaana
  • Mycetophyllia lamarckiana

• Scolymia
  • Scolymia cubensis
  • Scolymia vitiensis

• Symphyllia
  • Symphyllia mallotiformis

This cnidarian-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussidae”
Categories: Cnidarian stubs | Anthozoa

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Solar rotation can vary because the sun is composed of a gaseous plasma, and therefore may lack a fixed rotation rate. The rate of rotation is observed to be fastest at the equator (latitude ?=0 deg), and to decrease as latitude increases. The rotation rate is usually described by the equation:

where ? is the angular velocity in degrees per day, ? is the latitude and A and B are constants. Note that there are interesting deviations from this simple relationship.

Sidereal rotation

At the equator the solar rotation period is 25.38 days. This is called the sidereal rotation period, and should not be confused with the synodic rotation period of 27.2753 days, which is the time for a fixed feature on the sun to rotate to the same apparent position as viewed from Earth. The synodic period is longer because the sun must rotate for a sidereal period plus an extra amount due to the orbital motion of the earth around the sun. In astrophysical literature these periods are often labeled by the Bartels rotation number. The first rotation was arbitrarily assigned by Bartel to January 1833. When the sun is viewed from the “north” (above the Earth’s northern pole) solar rotation is counterclockwise. Sunspots viewed from Earth (its Northern hemisphere) appear to move from left to right across the face of the sun.

Using sunspots to measure rotation

The rotation constants have been measured by measuring the motion of various features (”tracers”) on the solar surface. The first and most widely used tracer are sunspots. Though sunspots had been observed since ancient times, it was only when the telescope came into use that they were observed to turn with the Sun, and thus the period of the solar rotation could be defined. The English scholar Thomas Harriot was probably the first to observe sunspots telescopically as evidenced by a drawing in his notebook dated December 8, 1610, and the first published observations (June 1611) entitled “De Maculis in Sole Observatis, et Apparente earum cum Sole Conversione Narratio” (”Narration on Spots Observed on the Sun and their Apparent Rotation with the Sun”) were by Johannes Fabricius who had been systematically observing the spots for a few months and had noted also their movement across the solar disc. This can be considered the first observational evidence of the solar rotation. Christopher Scheiner (“Rosa Ursine sive solis”, book 4, part 2, 1630) was the first to measure the equatorial rotation rate of the Sun and noticed that the rotation at higher latitudes is slower, so he can be considered the discoverer of solar differential rotation.

Each measurement gives a slightly different answer, yielding the above standard deviations (shown as +/-). St. John (1918) was perhaps the first to summarise the published solar rotation rates, and concluded that the differences in series measured in different years can hardly be attributed to personal observation or to local disturbances on the Sun, and are probably due to time variations in the rate of rotation, and Hubrecht (1915) was the first one to find that the two solar hemispheres rotate differently.

Internal Solar Roatation

Until helioseismology very little was known about the internal rotation of the sun. The differential profile of the surface was thought to extending into the solar inertia as rotating cylinders of constant angular momentum . Through helioseismology this is now known not to be the case and the rotation profile of the sun has been found. On the surface the sun rotates slowly at the poles and quickly at the equator. This profile extends on roughly radial lines through the solar convection zone to the interior. At the tachocline the rotation abruptly changes to solid body rotation in the solar radiation zone .

References

1. ^ Glatzmaler, G. A (1985). “Numerical simulations of stellar convective dynamos III. At the base of the convection zone”. Solar Physics 125: 1-12. 
2. ^ Christensen-Dalsgaard J. and Thompson, M.J. (2007). The Solar Tachocline:Observational results and issues concerning the tachocline. Cambridge University Press, 53-86. 

, Ed. “Allen’s Astrophysical Quantities”, 4th Ed, Springer, 1999.

• Javaraiah, J., 2003. Long-Term Variations in the Solar Differential Rotation. Solar Phys., 212 (1): 23-49.
• St. John, C., 1918. The present condition of the problem of solar rotation, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, V.30, No. 178, 318-325.

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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007)

Look up pedant in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

A pedant, or pædant, is a person who is overly concerned with formalism and precision, or who ‘makes a show of learning’. The corresponding (obsolete) female noun is pedantess.

Etymology

The English language word “pedant” comes from the French pédant (1566 in Darme & Hatzfeldster’s Dictionnaire général de la langue française) or its source Italian pedante “teacher,” schoolmaster, pedant. (Compare the Spanish pedante.). The origin of the Italian term is uncertain. The first element is apparently the same as in pedagogue (a teacher) etc.; and it has been suggested that pedante was contracted from the medieval Latin pædagogans, present participle of pædagogare “to act as pedagogue, to teach” (Du Cange); but evidence is wanting. The Latin word is derived from Greek ??????????, < ????- “child” + ????? “to lead”, which originally referred to a slave who led children to and from school but later meant “a source of instruction or guidance”.

Negative connotation

The term in English is typically used with a negative connotation, indicating someone overly concerned with minutiae and whose tone is perceived as condescending. When it was first used by Shakespeare in Love’s Labour’s Lost (1588), it simply meant “teacher”. Shortly afterward it began to be used negatively. Thomas Nashe wrote in Have with you to Saffron-walden (1596), page 43: “O, tis a precious apothegmaticall Pedant, who will finde matter inough to dilate a whole daye of the first inuention of Fy, fa, fum”

Usage of term

Being referred to as a pedant, or pedantic, is generally considered insulting. However some people take pride in being a pedant, especially with regard to the use of the English language. In an attempt to avoid censure, people who wish to make a correction might preface it with “not wishing to be pedantic, but …” or “without being a pedant, …”.

Pedantry can also be an indication of certain developmental disorders. In particular those with high-functioning autism, often have behavior characterized by pedantic speech. Those with Asperger’s tend to obsess over the minutiae of subjects and are prone to giving long detailed expositions, and the related corrections, and may gravitate to careers in academia or science where such obsessive attention to detail is often functional and rewarded.

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is also in part characterized by a form of pedantry that is overly concerned with the correct following of rules, procedures and practices. Sometimes the rules that OCPD sufferers obsessively follow are of their own devising, or are corruptions or re-interpretations of the letter of actual rules.

Quotations

This section is a candidate to be copied to Wikiquote using the Transwiki process. If the content can be changed to be more encyclopedic rather than just a list of quotes, please do so and remove this message. Otherwise, you can help by formatting it per the Wikiquote guidelines in preparation for the duplication.

• “The four of them had a contest to see who could utter the most pedantic sentence.Fito Cebola’s “Every time I pass through Port Douglas, Australia,I put away a crocodile steak and fuck an Aborigine” was declared unanimous winner.” Mario Vargas Llosa, The Notebooks of Don Rigoberto
• “A Man who has been brought up among Books, and is able to talk of nothing else, is what we call a Pedant. But, methinks, we should enlarge the Title, and give it to every one that does not know how to think out of his Profession and particular way of Life.” - Addison, Spectator 1711.
• “Nothing is as peevish and pedantic as men’s judgments of one another.” - Desiderius Erasmus
• “The pedant is he who finds it impossible to read criticism of himself without immediately reaching for his pen and replying to the effect that the accusation is a gross insult to his person. He is, in effect, a man unable to laugh at himself.” - Sigmund Freud, The Ego and the Id.
• “Servile and impertinent, shallow and pedantic, a bigot and sot” - Thomas Macaulay, describing James Boswell
• “The term, then, is obviously a relative one: my pedantry is your scholarship, his reasonable accuracy, her irreducible minimum of education and someone else’s ignorance.” H. W. Fowler, Modern English Usage
• “It’s not pedantry, but merely a desire for accuracy.” - Roy Cropper, in an episode of Coronation Street.
• “Pedantic, I?” - Alexei Sayle
• “The only other thing is that I am a pendant when it comes to written English and I would like to proof-read anything that can viewed outside the company.” - Garty Vicksters
• “I find this meatloaf rather shallow and pedantic.” - Peter Griffin

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Sir John A Macdonald Junior High School (SJAM) is a middle school in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It was founded in 1967 and named after the first prime minister of Canada Sir John Alexander Macdonald.

Community

SJAM has a diverse community and is designated for several different areas of Calgary. The school is highly charitable with most of its events. It is said that almost half or more of their proceeds go back to the community and back to the school. SJAM is involved with community programs including UNICEF, the Terry Fox Run, local/international fundraising and volunteering, Circle of Courage, Lions Quest, Safe and Caring Schools, Peer Mediation, Conflict Resolution, In My World, Roots of Empathy, and the Virtues Program.

Facilities

In 2000 the School facility evaluation project found that the buildings in the school were in need of major renovation.

Health and nutrition

A school survey in 2001 revealed that the students were making their nutrition break into a junk food break. The school worked to remove food with poor nutritional value and instituted “Fitness Fridays” into their physical education program. Starting in 2005 the school participated in a Calgary region health program for schools, designed to show the importance of proper diet and an active lifestyle to students. The school even placed timers on their vending machines so that only healthy food was available during the mornings.

The group “Action on Smoking and Health” visited the school in 2006 to warn the students about the dangers of smoking. There was concern about the visibility of tobacco displays for children, which they called Powerwall advertising.

Controversy

In 2007 William Seto, an instructor at SJAM, was charged with sexual assault on a student at a previous school. The instructor was suspended when the charges were brought.

References

1. ^ School Profiles: Sir John A. Macdonald School
2. ^ School newsletter June 2007
3. ^ School Facility Evaluation Project
4. ^ ACHSC Newsletter from The Alberta coalition for Healthy School Communities, Winter 2002
5. ^ Students thrive in some of Calgary’s healthiest schools by Michelle Schurman, Global Calgary
6. ^ Feed the Future: 2005 School Nutrition Advisory Coalition. Feeding The Future:School Nutrition Handbook p.9
7. ^ Radke, Andrea (2005-03-22). “Smart eating makes grade”, Calgary Sun. Retrieved on 2007-12-23. Archived from the original on 2007-12-04. 
8. ^ “Powerwall” advertising of cigarettes targets teens by Julia Johnston, CanWest News Service, April 23, 2006
9. ^ Calgary teacher charged with sexual assault CBC, October 27, 2007
10. ^ “Rash of sex abuse cases not a trend: experts” by Sarah McGinnis and Eva Fergusson, Calgary Herald, November 5, 2007
11. ^ “Abuse charge highlights hiring policies” by Sarah McGinnis, Calgary Herald, October 27, 2007

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The Tyrrell 023 was the car with which the Tyrrell team competed in the 1995 Formula One season. It was driven by Ukyo Katayama and Mika Salo, who were in their third and first seasons with the team respectively. Test driver Gabriele Tarquini stood in for Katayama at the Nürburgring after the Japanese was injured in an acrobatic startline crash at Estoril.

The car featured a new hydraulic-controlled front suspension system, which the team tested a huge amount before the season.

The team used a 3-litre version of the Yamaha V10 raced the previous year.

The team retained all its 1994 backers including Mild Seven, BP, Fondmetal, Calbee, Club Angle and Zent. This was partly helped by the fact that Mika Salo brought $3.5 million with him to the team.

After an impressive 1994 showing with the simple but effective 022, 1995 was a huge disappointment for the team. The chassis proved to be very mediocre, and the team’s innovative “Hydrolink” suspension was rendered ineffective due to its deficiencies, eventually being removed at mid-season.

Salo was impressive in his first full season of F1, scoring all of the team’s total of five points. He could have done even better, holding third place at the season-opening Brazilian GP before spinning back to seventh due to cramp. He was also set for points at the next race, but was taken out by backmarker Aguri Suzuki. As such, the Finn had to wait until the second half of the season to score his first points.

Katayama, on the other hand, proved to be very disappointing after a promising effort in 1994. He was disadvantaged by the new high cockpit sides as a short driver, but was still outclassed by his inexperienced team-mate. After his retirement in 1997, the Japanese revealed that he had suffered a cancer on his back, which, although not harmful, had an adverse effect on his competitiveness.

The team eventually finished ninth in the Constructors’ Championship, with five points, behind Footwork due to the latter’s third-place finish at Adelaide.

Complete Formula One results

(key) (results in bold indicate pole position)

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Fanny Butcher (September 13, 1888-1987) was a long time writer and literary critic for the Chicago Tribune newspaper. Butcher began at the Tribune in 1913 and held various positions including society editor, club editor, crime reporter, fashion editor, assistant women’s editor, special correspondent, assistant music critic. In 1923 she became the literary editor and held the position for 40 years until her retirement in 1963.

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Jaegwon Kim

Western Philosophy 21st-century philosophy
Full name	Jaegwon Kim
Birth	September 12, 1934(1934-09-12) Daegu, Korea (now in S. Korea)
School/tradition	Analytic
Main interests	Philosophy of mind Metaphysics · Epistemology Action theory Philosophy of science
Notable ideas	Reductive physicalism Weak supervenience
Influenced by Carl Hempel · Roderick Chisholm

Jaegwon Kim (born 1934 in Daegu, Korea (now in South Korea)) is a Korean-born American philosopher currently working at Brown University. He is best known for his work on mental causation and the mind-body problem. Key themes in his work include: a rejection of Cartesian metaphysics, the limitations of strict psychophysical identity, supervenience, and the individuation of events. Kim’s work on these and other contemporary metaphysical and epistemological issues is well-represented by the papers collected in Supervenience and Mind: Selected Philosophical Essays (1993).

Biography

Kim took two years of college in Seoul, Korea as a French literature major, before transferring to Dartmouth College in 1955. Soon after, at Dartmouth, he changed to a combined major in French, mathematics, and philosophy and received a B.A. degree. After Dartmouth, he went to Princeton University, where he earned his Ph.D. in philosophy.

Kim is currently the William Herbert Perry Faunce Professor of Philosophy at Brown University (since 1987). He has also taught at Swarthmore College, Cornell University, the University of Notre Dame, Johns Hopkins University, and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. From 1988–1989, he was president of the American Philosophical Association, Central Division. Since 1991, he has been a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . And, along with Ernest Sosa, he is a joint editor of the quarterly philosophical journal Noûs.

According to Kim, two of his major philosophical influences are Carl Hempel and Roderick Chisholm. Hempel, who sent him a letter encouraging him to go to Princeton, was a “formative influence”. More specifically, Kim claims that he hope he learned “a certain style of philosophy, one that emphasizes clarity, responsible argument, and aversion to studied obscurities and feigned profundities.” From Chisholm he learned “not to fear metaphysics” which allowed him to extend logical positivist approach of investigation (that he learned from Hempel) to metaphysics and philosophy of mind.

Work

Kim’s philosophical work focuses on the areas of philosophy of mind, metaphysics, action theory, epistemology, and philosophy of science.

Philosophy of mind

Kim has defended various mind-body theories during his career. He began defending a version of the identity theory in the early 1970s, and then moved to a non-reductive version of physicalism, which relied heavily on the supervenience relation.

More recently, he has rejected physicalism on the grounds that it is insufficient in explanatory power to solve the mind-body problem. His arguments against physicalism can be found in his two latest monographs: Mind in a Physical World (1998) and Physicalism, or Something Near Enough (2005). Kim claims “that physicalism will not be able to survive intact and in its entirety.” This, according to Kim, is because qualia (the phenomenal or qualitative aspect of mental states) cannot be reduced to physical states or processes. Kim claims that “phenomenal mental properties are not functionally definable and hence functionally irreducible” and “if functional reduction doesn’t work for qualia, nothing will” Thus, there is an aspect of the mind that physicalism cannot capture.

Kim currently defends the thesis that intentional mental states (e.g., beliefs and desires) can be functionally reduced to their neurological realizers, but that the qualitative or phenomenal mental states (e.g., sensations) are irreducibly non-physical and epiphenomenal. He, thus, defends a version of dualism, although Kim argues that it is physicalism near enough. As of March, 2008, Kim still sees physicalism to be the most comprehensive world view that is irreplaceable with any other world view .

Kim revealed in a recent interview conducted in 2008 with Korean daily newspaper, Joongang Ilbo, that we must seek for natural explanation for mind as mind itself is a natural phenomenon and supernatural explanation only replaces “one riddle over another” . He believes that the explanation for the nature of mind would come from natural science rather than philosophy or psychology .

Metaphysics

Kim’s work in metaphysics focuses primarily on events and properties.

Kim developed an event identity theory, but has not defended it recently. This theory holds that events are identical if and only if they occur in the same time and place and instantiate the same property. Thus if one waves ten fingers, several events occur, including the waving of an even number of fingers, the event of waving fingers that are even divisible by five, and evenly divisible by ten. Some have criticized his theory as producing too many events.

Kim also theorized that events are structured. He is known for a property-exemplification account of events. They are composed of three things: Object(s), a property and time or a temporal interval. Events are defined using the operation .

A unique event is defined by two principles: the existence condition and the identity condition. The existence condition states ” exists if and only if object x exemplifies the n-adic P at time t”. This means a unique event exists if the above is met. The identity condition states ” is if and only if x=y, P=Q and t=t`]”.

Epistemology

Kim is a critic of the “naturalized” epistemology popularized by Willard Van Orman Quine in the latter half of the twentieth century. Kim’s influential article “What is ‘Naturalized Epistemology’?” (1988) argues that “naturalized” epistemologies are not proper epistemologies as they are merely descriptive in scope, while one generally expects an “epistemology” to make normative claims about knowledge. Kim claims that epistemology requires normative nature, and mere description cannot account for justified belief. Naturalized epistemology cannot address the issue of justification, and therefore it does not share the same aspiration as the traditional approach to epistemology. The status of descriptive belief remains as belief, not knowledge. As such, naturalized epistemologies cannot be used to answer many of the questions one would expect theories of knowledge – epistemologies – to resolve.

Selected publications

The following is a partial list of publications by Jaegwon Kim. See Kim’s web page at Brown for a more extensive list of publications.

• (1984) “Epiphenomenal and Supervenient Causation”, Midwest Studies in Philosophy, Vol. IX, Peter A. French, Theodore E. Uehling, Jr., and Howard K. Wettstein, eds. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984, pp. 257-70.
• (1988) “What is ‘Naturalized Epistemology’?”, Philosophical Perspectives, Vol. 2 (1988): 381-405.
• (1993) Supervenience and Mind, Cambridge University Press.
• (1998) Mind in a Physical World, MIT Press.
• (2005) Physicalism, or Something Near Enough, Princeton University Press. (Chapter 1 PDF)
• (2006) Philosophy of Mind, 2nd ed., Westview Press.

Notes

1. ^ Interview with Ephilosopher, Fall 2000.
2. ^ The Directory of Research and Researchers at Brown: Jaegwon Kim
3. ^ Kim’s profile at Brown: http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Philosophy/faculty/kim.html.
4. ^ , Fall 2000.
5. ^ , Fall 2000.
6. ^ , Fall 2000.
7. ^ Kim, 1984.
8. ^ Kim, 2005, p. 31.
9. ^ Kim, 2005, p. 29.
10. ^ Kim, 2005, p. 29.
11. ^ Kim, Kihyeon, “??? ??? 7? ??? ??? ?·? ??? ? ???? ???? (Relay Interview with 7 World Renown Philosophers ? End: Jaegwon Kim, William Herbert Perry Faunce Professor of Philosophy at Brown University)”, Joongang Ilbo Newspaper article, March 8, 2008.
12. ^ Kim, Kihyeon, “??? ??? 7? ??? ??? ?·? ??? ? ???? ???? (Relay Interview with 7 World Renown Philosophers ? End: Jaegwon Kim, William Herbert Perry Faunce Professor of Philosophy at Brown University)”, Joongang Ilbo Newspaper article, March 8, 2008.
13. ^ Kim, Kihyeon, “??? ??? 7? ??? ??? ?·? ??? ? ???? ???? (Relay Interview with 7 World Renown Philosophers ? End: Jaegwon Kim, William Herbert Perry Faunce Professor of Philosophy at Brown University)”, Joongang Ilbo Newspaper article, March 8, 2008.

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Vugar Alakparov (born January 5, 1981, Mingachevir) is an Azerbaijani boxer who competed in the Middleweight (75 kg) at the 2000 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal. At the 2004 Summer Olympics he was eliminated in the quarter final.

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